MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS OF BOTH HUMANS AND RODENTS CONSIST OF THREE PAIRS OF MACROSCOPIC GLANDS: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. These glands secrete serous, mucous or mixed saliva via the proper main excretory ducts connecting the glandular bodies with the oral cavity. A series of discoveries about the salivary ducts in the 17th century by Niels Stensen (1638-1686), Thomas Wharton (1614-...

Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom and Department of Anatomy, St. George’s University, St George, Grenada, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University Prague, Albertov 4, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic and Second Medical Faculty, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles Univers...

The structure of the nail unit is complex and many dermatologists and dermatopathologists have an incomplete understanding of it. Familiarity with the anatomy and histology of this unit, however, is a key factor in improving the diagnostic yield of nail biopsy. Inflammatory or infectious conditions that affect the nail can have a marked impact on a patient's quality of life. A wide-ranging vari...

The periosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage). As opposed to bone itself, it has nociceptive nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment in the form of blood supply to the bone. The periosteum is connected to the bone by strong colla...

7 Abbreviations 8 Original papers 9 Introduction/Background 10 The normal tendon 11 Anatomy 11 Collagen fibre orientation 12 Internal architecture 12 General innervation 13 General biomechanical forces in tendons 14 Metabolism 15 Disuse/immobilisation 15 Exercise/remobilisation 15 The Achilles tendon 17 Anatomy 17 The myotendinous junction (MTJ) 18 The osteotendinous junction (OTJ) 18 Tendon st...

How we managed the official suspension of study in Universities Egypt since 14 March 2020 during first attack Covid-19 and also second Attack, is point onto which lights will be focused this essay. Challenges facing anatomy/histology education were: to manage lectures, how prepare practical lessons, make exams specially ones.