Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of symptoms manifesting as a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder in which patients experience abdominal pain, discomfort, and bloating that is often relieved with defecation. IBS is often associated with a host of secondary comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, headaches, and fatigue. In this review, we examined the basic principles of Pancha...

Within this short paper I do not intend to compare systems of philosophies; rather, I am trying here to compare kinds of philosophizing, hereby not all of its main aspects but its core, namely: whether or not some philosophizing is related to some fix-point, so to speak: to some Archimedean point, and thereby, whether or not such philosophizing is leading to a closed system of philosophy. In or...

The notion that, in the Christian Scriptures, term κοινωνία (koinōnia) can mean “fellowship” has been challenged on philological grounds. Scholars argue ancient non-Christian sources, meanings such as fellowship with fellow humans and God are absent that mundane of participation alliances to be preferred. Discussion this subject suffered from a dichotomy between whether usage classical sources ...

Cosmetics is as old as the history of human being. It has been present in human life since the times of the most ancient civilizations. Perfumery is one of the oldest branches of cosmetics. Valerian perfumes found from the Pharaohs’ pyramids, had maintained their aroma. Coriander, Mace oil, cardamom, cinnamon, and juniper were also the favorite materials used for perfumery in ancient Egyptian c...

Several studies have evaluated the movements of large populations to the Indian subcontinent; however, the ancient geographic origins of smaller ethnic communities are not clear. Although historians have attempted to identify the origins of some ethnic groups, the evidence is typically anecdotal and based upon what others have written before. In this study, recent developments in DNA science we...

This paper discusses the special branch of the Ancient Indian science on plant life as depicted by Vrikshayurveda, and the obvious relevance of the insights these provide to enrich our knowledge and practice in this field.

Modern mathematics owes a big debt to India’s contributions to the subject. Of particular importance is the decimal, place value number system that appeared in India during the Vedic period or soon after, circa 1300 BC to 300 AD, and made its way to Europe during the Middle Ages. That period of time in India also produced a heady mixture of poetic works: poems, songs, grand epics, biographies a...

Drinking or local application of human or animal urine for medicinal purposes has been practiced all over the world for millennia. Documented prescriptions in Europe originate from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. While many of the advances of antique medicine were forgotten after the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of urine and other excrements enjoyed continued popularity in mediaeval times....

ever since the rise of christianity, the bible has played a key role in the christian religiosity. it was a guide to faith, a supreme source of belief and morals, the standard of christian orthodoxy, and a means of combating heresies; for a great majority of christians, it continues to enjoy the same position. after the renaissance, the biblical studies, in terms of authorship, style of writing...

We introduce some basic concepts from Game Theory and related areas and show how various insights for which we thank game theory have already occurred in the past in some tales from ancient literature, both Indian and otherwise.