this paper argues that the geovisualization research should go beyond the development of geovisual analytic toolbox, and pay attention to supporting human work in broad activity scale. Future generations of virtual geographic environments are expected to be capable of monitoring and recognizing context changes, reasoning about implications, and adjusting its service behavior accordingly. This w...

Geosimulation aims at modeling systems at the scale of individuals and entity-level units of the built environment and provides a new way to simulate how geographic spaces can be used by their future users, particularly in urban environments. In the MAGS Project we are developing a generic software platform for the creation of Multi-Agent Geo-Simulations involving several thousand agents intera...

Acidic pKas of histidines buried within the protein interior are frequently rationalized on the contradictory basis of either polar interactions within the protein or the effects of a hydrophobic environment. To examine these relationships, we surveyed the buried surface area, depth of burial, polar interactions, and crystallographic temperature factors of histidines of known pKa. It has been f...

Botulinum neurotoxins type A (BoNT/A) are highly potent toxins, but are also useful in the treatment of illnesses. We studied the properties of BoNT/A at various temperatures and pH values in order to understand its toxicity and structure variations. The pH values of the environment of BoNT/A are obtained by changing the protonation states of certain titratable residue groups. Our results show ...

In this paper, a brief outline is presented on acidic ferric ion oxidation of mineral sulphides for the extraction of metals in both stirred tank reactors for mineral concentrates and heaps for low-grade ores. The identities and capabilities of the relatively few acidophiles that assist the oxidative processes are summarized and their responses to selected extremes in their growth environments ...

Gram-positive bacteria possess a myriad of acid resistance systems that can help them to overcome the challenge posed by different acidic environments. In this review the most common mechanisms are described: i.e., the use of proton pumps, the protection or repair of macromolecules, cell membrane changes, production of alkali, induction of pathways by transcriptional regulators, alteration of m...