Collaboration capabilities are becoming pervasive in online applications. Internet users have access to tools for collective image annotation and editing (flickr, Picasa, Facebook), text content generation (Wikipedia, Google Docs) and even social coding (github). Arguably, social media and social knowledge systems are among the highest impact applications built around collaboration. Following i...

due to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. the present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method which has been called preference in some era and comparison in some other era.

Autoimmunity is characterized as a state of abnormal specific humoral and cell-mediated responses against constituents of body tissues. One time-honored approach to explaining the pathogenesis of autoimmunity has been application of the Koch's postulates, on loan from the field of microbiology suggesting that autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells are the presumed "pathogens" of autoimmunit...

the major foible of dental ceramics is their brittle nature. therefore, the producers of these materials have focused on the “strength” issue. a method of increasing strength is ion exchange on porcelain surface which leads to formation of a compressive crust that opposing forces should overcome before developing a crack. in current study, ion exchange in two types of porcelain, ceramco ii whic...

in the present paper axial distributions of plasma and floating potentials, electron and iondensities and eedf have been measured in the dl region of a hg discharge constriction. an attempt hasbeen made for the resolution of opposing charged layer structures in dl. excitation processes in theconstriction region are studied. using the linearization method for the nonstationary balance equationss...