THE POLICY FORUM by J. S. Brashares et al. (“Wildlife decline and social conflict,” 25 July, p. 376) links environmental degradation to child slavery and human trafficking. However, the causal pathways between wildlife decline and social outcomes, especially child slavery, have not been empirically tested; it is likely that wildlife declines are only a tiny component of the causes of exploitati...

The family and the church have been the most important institutions in African American families and communities since slavery. African American grandmothers have played a pivotal role in both institutions. Their role responsibilities, especially in the extended family context, are broad and elastic. They have performed crucial roles in the care and welfare of grandchildren, great-grandchildren...

Starting from the 15 century in the Atlantic slave trade, black people have been treated by lighter-skinned counterparts as commodities to be sold and bought. The effects of the trade and the resulting dehumanization can still be seen in subsequent historical events and in today’s society. Analyzing the Haitian Revolution in the late 18 century through literature such as The Grateful Negro by M...