“abstraction principle” means separation between two obligations incommercial instruments: underlying obligation and documentary obligationthat created by drawing these documents. the main effect of this principle isthat objections related to first obligation, cannot be claim in second; wherethere is a third party. to obtain a real and comprehensive perspective of thisprinciple in iranian law, ...

Electronic institutions are software frameworks integrating normative environments where agents interact to create mutual commitments. Contracts are formalizations of business commitments among groups of agents, and comprise a set of applicable norms. An electronic institution acts as a trusted third-party that monitors contract compliance, by integrating in its normative environment the contra...

In this paper we define a property for multi-party protocols called exclusion-freeness. In multi-party protocols respecting the strongest definition of this property, participants are sure that they will not be excluded from a protocol’s execution and, consequently, they do not have to trust each other any more. We study this property on a wellknown multi-party fair exchange protocol with an on...

ASSERT4SOA project proposes machine readable certificates to be used to allow Web service requesters to automatically assess the security properties of Web services (and their providers) as certified by some trusted third party. This vision promises to open up an entire new market for certification services.

This paper explores the extent to which third-party reimbursement dictates occupational therapy practice. A literature review was used to examine the history and meaning of reimbursement in regard to occupational therapy. It was found that the profession has altered its definition, practice, management, ethics, and professional response as a result of changes in reimbursement. Reimbursement pol...

INTRODUCTION: Cost-analysis research can influence healthcare policies and practice patterns. There are three major perspectives in cost analysis research: the third-party payer, the hospital, and societal. Cost-analysis research has inherent bias depending on the chosen cost perspective. Subsequent conclusions based on cost-analysis research can change based on the perspective used.1 These per...

Increasing efficiency in hospitals is of particular importance. Studies that combine data from multiple hospitals/data holders can tremendously improve the statistical outcome and aid in identifying efficiency markers. However, combining data from multiple sources for analysis poses privacy risks. A number of protocols have been proposed in the literature to address the privacy concerns; howeve...