neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nms) is a rare fatal medical complication that occurs as a result of dopaminergic receptor blockage in the caudate at the termination of the nigrostriatal pathways (1), and may occur at any time following consumption of dopamine antagonists. this disorder also occurs in cases of sudden discontinuation of dopamine agonists and antagonists (2,3). some studies have ...

The frequency of milk-alkali syndrome decreased rapidly after the development of histamine-2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease; however, the availability and overconsumption of antacids and calcium supplements can still place patients at risk (D. P. Beall et al., 2006). Here we describe a patient who presented with altered mental status, hypercalce...

Quantum chemical (MNDo)caleulations have beenused toelucidate the molecular properties and structure - activity relationships of dihydropyridine (DHP) type calcium antagonists. There is a good corielation between the net atomic charges on various atoms of the 4 - phenyl ring of dihydropyridines and pharmacological activity. .Also, activity decreases with increasing free rotation of the phen...

Obese persons with metabolic syndrome often have associated with salt-sensitive hypertension, microalbuminuria, and cardiac dysfunction, and the plasma aldosterone level in one-third of metabolic syndrome patients is clearly elevated. Hyperaldosteronism, which may be caused at least partially by certain adipocyte-derived factors, contributes to the development of proteinuria in obese hypertensi...

although current guidelines place single leukotriene receptor antagonists use as a therapeutic option in mild persistent asthma, there is still uncertainty about its place. in this study efficiency of montelukast monotherapy in children with moderate persistent asthma was evaluated. children (age 6 to 16) with persistent moderate asthma were treated prospectively with budesonide combined with m...

abstract oculocardiac reflex (ocr) sometimes occurs as a result of pressure on the eye or traction of the intraorbital surrounding structures during ophthalmic surgery. this can result in bradycardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. a 45-year-old female was undergoing an elective squint correction surgery of one eye under local anaesthesia in a private hospital in december 2013. the patient was ...

a case of acute extrapyramidal manifestations consisting of dystonia and akathisia following abrupt discontinuation of propranolol is reported. she responded well to oral propranolol and intramuscular diazepam. extrapyramidal symptoms have commonly been associated with acute or chronic administration of neuroleptic drugs. there have been reports of a substantial number of cases with similar cli...

In addition to the well-documented expression and activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the kidney, in the last decade research on MR has also revealed its important role in regulating functions of extrarenal tissues, including adipose tissue, where MR is involved in adipocyte fundamental processes such as differentiation, autophagy and adipokine secretion. MR expression is increas...

Since the Central Nervous System features opioid-related pathways with their own receptors and their own endogenous metabolic activity, every opiate drug, pure antagonists included, can be expected to possess psychotropic properties. Apart from this, therapeutic properties depend on how each drug interacts with the endogenous opioid system and other opioid-sensitive systems, whether through a f...