This paper develops a trade model in which two heterogeneous firms located in two different countries make their productivity choices by choosing their optimal R&D investment levels and then make a mode choice between exporting, licensing and FDI under Cournot competition in an open economy. The ex-ante difference in the cost efficiency of two firms will lead to difference combinations of ex-po...

The paper discusses the interaction of ex ante and ex post institutional convergence in the post-Soviet world, i.e. 12 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It starts with analysing empirical evidence for institutional convergence in the CIS, and then considers two channels of convergence: institutional competition for mobile capital and ex ante harmonization via interaction in pol...

BACKGROUND The introduction of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has improved the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. However, any successful control of malaria will depend on socio-economic factors that influence its management in the community. Willingness to pay (WTP) is important because consumer responses to prices will influence utilization of services and revenues collected. Also the consume...

I introduce an integrated model of risk attitudes and other-regarding preferences that extends the standard notion of inequity discount to lotteries. In this model, a decision maker perceives inequity partly by comparing the marginal risks she and others face. It predicts that fairness considerations will alter risk attitudes, in particular, a higher tolerance to positively correlated (fair) ri...

it is essential to consider policy assessment in policy cycle. however, ex-ante evaluation has been rarely reviewed in the policy evaluation literature. in the article, a five-phase process of ex-ante evaluation of science and technology policies in policy cycle using grounded theory is offered. for this purpose, through literature review, ten keywords were searched and finally, having chosen 5...

Levels of progesterone were determined by competitive protein-binding techniques and oestrogens by radio-ligand binding techniques in the uterine and peripheral plasma of parturient ewes. Uterine progesterone levels began a continuous decline 4 to 5 days ante partum whereas jugular levels only declined 1 or 2 days ante partum. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels were significantly elevated in

We study the ex ante incentive compatible core, and provide conditions under which the ex ante incentive compatible core is nonempty when agents are informationally small in the sense of McLean and Postlewaite (2002a, Econometrica, 70, 2421–2453).  2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C71; D51; D82

Abstract Prioritarianism is a variant of utilitarianism. It differs from utilitarianism in that benefiting individuals matters more the worse off these are. On this view, there are two standard ways handling risky prospects: Ex-Post adjusts for prioritizing final outcomes and then values prospects by expectation sum total those adjusted values, whereas Ex-Ante on each individual's expectations....

In the property rights theory of the firm, control over assets (ownership) affords bargaining power in the case of re-negotiation, providing incentives for parties to make relationship specific investments. The models predict that property rights will be allocated so as to maximise surplus generated from investment. However, these models assume that investments are made simultaneously. In this ...