Since the 1990s, a number of anti-corruption conventions have been adopted due to pressure from international financial institutions, donor countries and governments of major industrialised nations. One of these conventions is the Anti-corruption Protocol adopted by the Southern African Development Community. This article examines this Convention against the backdrop of the principal–agent–clie...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Globally, injuries cause approximately as many deaths per year as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 90% of injury deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries. Given not all injuries kill, the disability burden, particularly from orthopaedic injuries, is much higher but is poorly measured at present. The orthopaedic services and orthopaedic medical d...

CIPE and its partners have been at the forefront of combating corruption for the past twenty years. CIPE’s approach has been unique because it does not intend to place the burden of responsibility for corruption on government offi cials alone, as it is often done. Instead, by arguing that the private sector is also a participant in corruption, CIPE and its network of partners in over 90 countri...

This study explores the challenges and benefits of adopting electronic procurement (e-procurement) technologies to facilitate anti-corruption mechanisms, accountability transparency in pharmaceuticals at National Pharmaceutical (NatPharm) Company Zimbabwe. corruption is a serious threat attainment Universal Health Coverage. It imperative for Government Zimbabwe adopt Information Communication T...

Corruption takes place when public officials break the law in pursuit of their private interest. But public officials can break different laws in different ways with different implications for the public good. The factors driving corruption and the effects of corruption can therefore vary widely. Understanding the causes and consequences of corruption is particularly important in developing cou...

More than 80% of the world population lives in low-income countries. One of the major problems facing low-income countries is corruption. Corruption can be defined as abuse of trust and intentional violation of duty, motivated by gaining personal advantage, from a party in need of a decision or service by a public servant [1]. In many low-income nations, corruption exists at all levels and affe...

Background: Paying attention to ethics in the field of education ensures the health of the teaching-learning process. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of designing and compiling a model of professional ethics in Sampad schools. Method: The present study is a qualitative research and was conducted by grounded theory method. The statistical population included all principals ...