The plethora of newly discovered vaccines implies that, in the future, many vaccines will have to be administered simultaneously to infants. We examined the potential interference with the immune response of several coadministered vaccines containing the same protein component, namely, tetanus toxoid (TT). Infants simultaneously receiving a tetravalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to TT (Pnc...

OBJECTIVES To determine maternal and neonatal specific antibody levels to selected vaccine-preventable infections (pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), tetanus and pneumococcus). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING A UK secondary care maternity unit (March 2011-January 2012). PARTICIPANTS Mothers and infants within 72 h of delivery were eligible. Unwell individuals, mother...

Objective: Our country has limited data on protective antibody levels following primary tetanus immunization. In this study, we planned to evaluate the seroprevalence of healthcare workers in our hospital according age and occupational groups. Methods: Tetanus were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Antibody results obtained through operating system, level ≥0.5 IU/m...

The C-terminal repeat domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A harbors toxin-neutralizing epitopes and is considered to be a candidate component of a vaccine against C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD). Fourteen of the 38 C-terminal toxin A repeats (14CDTA) were cloned into pTECH-1 in frame with the immunogenic fragment C of tetanus toxin (TETC) to generate plasmid p56TETC. Expression of the ...

BACKGROUND Antibody against CD40 is effective in enhancing immune responses to vaccines when chemically conjugated to the vaccine antigen. Unfortunately the requirement for chemical conjugation presents some difficulties in vaccine production and quality control which are compounded when multivalent vaccines are required. We explore here an alternative to chemical conjugation, involving the co-...

background and objectives: hiv infected patients are at risk for vaccine-preventable infections such as tetanus and diphtheria (td). in these patients, these antibodies tend to decline faster. due to the limited data, this study assessed the seroprevalence of tetanus and diphtheria antibodies in hiv infected patients in tehran, iran. materials and methods: this case-control study was carried o...

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new technique that uses the application of vaccine antigens in a solution on the skin to induce potent antibody responses without systemic or local toxicity. We have previously shown that cholera toxin (CT), a potent adjuvant for oral and nasal immunization, can induce both serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA and protect against toxin-mediated...

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 46 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients showed reduced ability to proliferate in vitro in response to the soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid, as compared with 96 normal controls. Special studies of 27 untreated SLE patients also revealed significantly decreased blastogenic responses to tetanus toxoid. In both the total and untreated SLE populations, d...

OBJECTIVE To emphasise that tetanus still occurs in the United Kingdom, particularly in elderly people-as illustrated by two case reports-and to examine the state of tetanus immunity in elderly people. METHODS 111 elderly people (over 65 years) were studied: 43 males, mean age 77.7 years, range 67-94; 68 females, mean age 81.3 years, range 67-95. They were either attending the accident servic...

The immunogenicity and protectivity of two different toxoid vaccines were compared in mice. In one formulation, toxoids (diphtheria or tetanus) were adsorbed to alumoxid, whereas in the other formulation the toxoids were crosslinked to immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIVs). A preimmunization with influenza antigens is necessary for a good anti-toxoid antibody response whe...