PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last decade, biologicals revolutionized rheumatology. An increasing number of patients benefit from biotherapeuticals. However, some patients do not respond to treatment and others lose their response after a certain time. Immunogenicity is one of the factors linked to secondary nonresponse but its clinical significance has remained controversial. RECENT FINDINGS In r...

The extent of antibody to the influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) after four years of prevalence was investigated in Britain and in the U.S.A. The results indicated a high incidence in both populations. The prevalence of antibody to a variant A/England/42/72 (H3N2) which has been causing epidemics of influenza in the southern hemisphere during the middle months of 1972 was also investigated. ...

The response of the rabbit to viable or killed whole-cell Pasteurella tularensis vaccines was studied. The most practical preparation for the production of anti-P. tularensis antibodies was viable organisms of the live vaccine strain (LVS). The intravenous route of administration proved superior to either the subcutaneous or intradermal routes, and incorporation of LVS into Freund's adjuvants d...

Received: Revised: Accepted: May 06, 2014 January 06, 2015 February 10, 2015 The aims of the present study were to investigate the antibody response of cows from an outbreak region to vaccination with a bivalent botulinum toxoid (Type C and D) on three occasions and to investigate the antibody response to vaccination with the botulinum toxoid in the presence of anti-BoNT antibodies. Twenty-two ...

The quantitative expression of anti-DNA and anti-Sm antibodies has been investigated in autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr and MRL-+/+ mice. Anti-Sm antibodies were detected in sera from 21/23 lpr/lpr and 10/16 +/+ mice, with individual animals showing striking variation in the time-course and magnitude of this autoantibody response. The peak antibody levels of the responding animals of each substrain did ...

Defining the dynamics and maturation processes of antibody clonal lineages is crucial to understanding the humoral response to infection and immunization. Although individual antibody lineages have been previously analyzed in isolation, these studies provide only a narrow view of the total antibody response. Comprehensive study of antibody lineages has been limited by the lack of an accurate cl...