BACKGROUND Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used endodontic irrigant because of its excellent antimicrobial, organic tissue dissolving, and lubricating properties. However, it is highly cytotoxic to the periapical tissues. AIM This study evaluated in vitro the extrusion of 5.25% NaOCl through the apical foramina of mesiobuccal (MB) root canals of maxillary first molars in two ex...

the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of apical negative pressure (anp), manual dynamic agitation (mda), passive ultrasonic irrigation (pui) and needle irrigation (ni) as final irrigation activation techniques for smear layer removal in curved root canals.mesiobuccal root canals of 80 freshly extracted maxillary first molars with curvatures ranging between 25° and 35° were used. a gl...

The regulation of sphingolipid transport to the bile canalicular apical membrane in the well differentiated HepG2 hepatoma cells was studied. By employing fluorescent lipid analogs, trafficking in a transcytosis-dependent pathway and a transcytosis-independent ('direct') route between the trans-Golgi network and the apical membrane were examined. The two lipid transport routes were shown to ope...

In the clinical practice, it is much more efficient to use NiTi rotary files compared to hand instrumentation. However, misuse of NiTi rotary files can result in procedural errors such as transportation, ledge, perforation, and file separation. Generally, following suggestions could be considered to avoid these errors. 1. Enlarge the coronal half of the root canal before preparing the apical pa...

INTRODUCTION Bacteria and their byproducts are major etiologic factors in endodontic diseases. Prevention or reduction of root canal bacterial contamination is the main aim of endodontic treatment. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of size and taper of master apical file (MAF) in reducing bacteria from the apical third of the curved canals using a quantitative scanni...