Arılar, dünya çapındaki tüm tarımsal türlerin büyük çoğunluğu ve yabani flora için önemli tozlayıcılardır. Son yıllarda dünyadaki arı kolonilerinin sayısında hızlı bir düşüş yaşanmıştır. Bal arıları sosyal böceklerdir, bu da onları mikrobiyal patojenler parazitlerin hızla yayılmasına karşı hassas hale getirir. Koloni çöküşüne yol açan tek nedensel ajan tanımlanamaz işçi arılardaki azalmayla ilg...

Many flowering plants in both natural ecosytems and agriculture are dependent on insect pollination for fruit set and seed production. Managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) and wild bees are key pollinators providing this indispensable eco- and agrosystem service. Like all other organisms, bees are attacked by numerous pathogens and parasites. Nosema apis is a honey bee pathogenic microsporidium ...

Few areas of the world have western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies that are free of invasive parasites Nosema ceranae (fungi) and Varroa destructor (mites). Particularly detrimental is V. destructor; in addition to feeding on host haemolymph, these mites are important vectors of several viruses that are further implicated as contributors to honey bee mortality around the world. Thus, the b...

BACKGROUND All honey bee species (Apis spp) share the same sex determination mechanism using the complementary sex determination (csd) gene. Only individuals heterogeneous at the csd allele develop into females, and the homozygous develop into diploid males, which do not survive. The honeybees are therefore under selection pressure to generate new csd alleles. Previous studies have shown that t...

background : nosemosis of european honey bee (apis mellifera ) is present in bee colonies world­wide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, that causes heavy economic losses in apicultures. nosema ceranae is an emerging microsporidian para­site of european honeybees, a. mellifera , but its distribution is not well known. previously, nosemosis in ho...

genetic diversity is a key component of ecosystems. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of iranian native honeybee colonies (apis mellifera meda l.) located in the northern region. colonies from 24 locations have been analyzed using microsatellite markers. samples were collected from caspian sea southern area (north of iran). six microsatellite markers (a28, a29, ...

Fungi in the genus Ascosphaera are the causative agents of chalkbrood, a major disease affecting bee larval viability. Identification of individual Ascosphaera species based on morphological features has been difficult due to a lack of distinguishing characteristics. Most identifications are based on the size and shape of the ascomata, spore balls and conidia. Unfortunately, much overlap occurs...

BACKGROUND The use of honey as a natural product of Apis spp. for burn treatment has been widely applied for centuries. Tualang honey has been reported to have antibacterial properties against various microorganisms, including those from burn-related diagnoses, and is cheaper and easier to be absorbed by Aquacel dressing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential antibacterial properti...