In the 1970's, Michigan and other states were confronted with a medical malpractice crisis of astronomical proportions. The escalating number of medical malpractice lawsuits and concomitant increase in malpractice premiums for health care providers fostered a divisive climate among doctors, lawyers and patients. In response to this crisis, the Michigan legislature enacted the Medical Malpractic...

Computer designers utilize the recent huge advances in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) to place several processors on the same chip die to get Chip Multiprocessor (CMP). The shared bus is the most common media used to connect these processors with each other and with the shared resources. Distributing the shared bus among the contention processors represents a critical issue that affects ov...

One prominent explanation for disagreement in bargaining is that the parties have divergent and relatively optimistic expectations regarding the ultimate outcome if they fail to agree. The fact that settlement rates are much higher where final-offer arbitration is the dispute settlement procedure than where conventional arbitration is the dispute settlement procedure is used as the basis of a t...

To derive safe bounds on worst-case execution times (WCETs), all components of a computer system need to be time-predictable: the processor pipeline, the caches, the memory controller, and memory arbitration on a multicore processor. This paper presents a solution for timepredictable memory arbitration and access for chip-multiprocessors. The memory network-onchip is organized as a tree with ti...

We propose a new arbitration algorithm, called the desynchronized two-dimensional round-robin (D2DRR), for input queued packet switches in which each input port maintains a separate logical queue for each output. D2DRR is an enhanced version of 2DRR, and thus improves fairness over 2DRR without a starvation problem. Iterative maximal matching schemes including iSLIP yield better throughput with...

Crossbars are key components of communication switches used to construct multiprocessor interconnection networks. For a fixed number of nodes, larger crossbars result in reduced probability of conflicts and allows packets to traverse the network in fewer hops. However, increasing the size of the crossbar also increases the delay of the arbiter used to resolve conflicting requests. The increased...

Given the sizeable savings, many disputes are resolved via arbitration. Numerous studies have considered the strategic incentives of various forms of arbitration, most notably Final Offer Arbitration (FOA). While previous work focused exclusively on optimal offers, in reality disputants make a series of perhaps interrelated choices. This paper considers FOA disputants making an additional inves...

at present, new tendencies in international commercial arbitration try to delocalize and gives more independence to arbitration, from national laws. the ultimate degree of this independency is demonstrated in lex mercatoria theory. in recent years this theory has been gone beyond the frontiers of pure theory and entered into the national laws of some countries such as netherlands, france and in...

fork in the road clauses and waiver clauses in investment treaties are supposed to minimize the number of parallel proceedings in foreign investment disputes. while, fork in the road clauses preclude investors from further litigation or arbitration once the first dispute settlement mechanism is triggered, in waiver clauses, domestic litigation can be followed by treaty arbitration regarding the...

arbitrator or private judge must be independent and impartial. domestic and international commercial arbitration law in many countries in addition to the obligation, the independence and impartiality of arbitrator, has other obligations, namely the obligation to disclose. arbitrator must disclose any relationship with the parties to arbitration. commitment to disclosure should not be mixing wit...