We apply the pigeonhole principle to show that there must exist Boolean functions on 7 inputs with a multiplicative complexity of at least 7, i.e., that cannot be computed with only 6 multiplications in the Galois field with two elements.

The practice of guiding a search engine based on query logs observed from the engine's user population provides large volumes of data but potentially also sacrifices the privacy of the user. In this paper, we ask the following question: Is it possible, given rich instrumented data from a panel and usability study data, to observe complete information without routinely analyzing query logs? What...

A study of correlated genotypic and phenotypic changes over a 2400-year period in a cave population of pocket gophers bolsters the idea that small, isolated populations can not only persist in a fluctuating environment, but may be able to adapt without genetic input from elsewhere.

into the countries of the former Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and China has been associated with a social revolution. This is reflected in changes to employment, the family, mobility, state institutions, and culture. Many people face a precarious economic situation following the closure of state industries, the ending of food subsidies and declining welfare provision. Women have been harshly a...

In recent years there has been an increase in the number of papers, many of which have been published in high profile journals, that address real environmental or ecological problems, but with flawed, subjective, and frequently hyperbolic arguments. I identify two such examples from the US Gulf of Mexico, linked by their focus on fisheries resources as the cause de jour, to illustrate the probl...