Co-infection with two virus species was previously reported in some cactus plants. Here, we showed that Notocactus leninghausii f. cristatus can be co-infected with six different viruses: cactus mild mottle virus (CMMoV)-Nl, cactus virus X (CVX)-Nl, pitaya virus X (PiVX)-Nl, rattail cactus necrosis-associated virus (RCNaV)-Nl, schlumbergera virus X (SchVX)-Nl, and zygocactus virus X (ZyVX)-Nl. ...

Multiple lines of research have developed Natural Language (NL) interfaces for formulating database queries. We build upon this work, but focus on presenting a highly detailed form of the answers in NL. The answers that we present are importantly based on the provenance of tuples in the query result, detailing not only the results but also their explanations. We develop a novel method for trans...

The nuclear lamina (NL) is a structural component of the nuclear envelope and makes extensive contacts with integral nuclear membrane proteins and chromatin. These interactions are critical for many cellular processes, such as nuclear positioning, perception of mechanical stimuli from the cell surface, nuclear stability, 3-dimensional organization of chromatin and regulation of chromatin-bindin...

Sir, Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) was first described by Oppenheim in 1929. NL is a granulomatous skin disease with association with diabetes mellitus (DM) in 10–40% of cases, but less than 1% of patients with DM develop NL. Additional risk factors for NL include other granulomatous diseases, such as granuloma anulare (GA), sarcoidosis, colitis ulcerosa and Crohn’s disease. Middleaged women are m...

In human language technology, it is becoming more and more common to run systematic evaluations in which two or more systems, or two or more versions of the same system, are pitted one against the other. We propose the binomial cumulative distribution function as a way to assess the cumulative effect of the measures collected in such evaluations. We present an application of this measure to the...

To effectively cooperate with a human, advanced manufacturing machines are expected to execute the industrial tasks according to human natural language (NL) instructions. However, NL instructions are not explicit enough to be understood and are not complete enough to be executed, leading to incorrected executions or even execution failure. To address these problems for better execution performa...

Calcium signaling plays a role in synaptic regulation of dendritic structure, usually on the time scale of hours or days. Here we use immunocytochemistry to examine changes in expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase type 2 (PMCA2), a high-affinity calcium efflux protein, in the chick nucleus laminaris (NL) following manipulations of synaptic inputs. Dendrites of NL neurons segregate into d...

Computation with information described in natural language (NL) has intrinsic importance because much of human knowledge is described using these languages. Soft Computing approach to NL-Computation concerns with semantic imprecision of natural languages through the use of NL precisiation, generalized constraints and prototypical forms. NLs are basically systems for describing perceptions. NL p...