BACKGROUND Despite the discovery of CSF and serum diagnostic autoantibodies in autoimmune encephalitis, there are still very limited CSF biomarkers for diagnostic and monitoring purposes in children with inflammatory or autoimmune brain disease. The cause of encephalitis is unknown in up to a third of encephalitis cohorts, and it is important to differentiate infective from autoimmune encephali...

Hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature of ,35.0°C (,95.0°F), is a life-threatening and emergency situation. Various conditions and diseases can cause hypothermia, including environmental exposure, drug intoxication, CNS diseases, and metabolic abnormalities, such as hypopituitarism, hypoadrenalism, hypothyroidism, and hypoglycemia. Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody– ass...

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a potentially fatal autoimmune syndrome in which IgG antibodies target the NR1 subunit of NMDA resulting profound dysregulation and neurotransmission.

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a treatable autoimmune disease characterized by cognitive, motor and psychiatric features that primarily affects young adults and children. We present a case of a 7-year-old boy with asymmetrical (mainly right hemibody) and abnormal polymorphic movements without concomitant scalpictal EEG changes but had background slowing predominating over the left hemispher...

Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by sup...

OBJECTIVE To describe a case of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) antibody-associated encephalitis. METHODS The clinical and ancillary data and brain MRIs were gathered retrospectively by chart review. Relevant literature on similar cases was also reviewed. RESULTS The diagnosis of LGI1 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis was based on the typical clinical presentation...

Establishing the clinical diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis can be challenging as patients present with various unspecific symptoms. In a Position Paper in The Lancet Neurology, Francesc Graus and colleagues proposed an initial diagnostic work-up relying on conventional neurological evaluation and standard diagnostic tests such as MRI, CSF sampling, and EEG. This approach would enable clinic...

OBJECTIVE To report paroxysmal episodes of cerebellar ataxia in a patient with anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis and to search for similar paroxysmal ataxia in a cohort of patients with anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis. METHODS We report a patient with paroxysmal episodes of cerebellar ataxia observed during autoi...

Patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) are likely to exhibit an acute onset of severe psychiatric features, including psychosis and/or catatonia. Based on the high prevalence catatonia in AE and our clinical experience, we hypothesized that might be a marker severity requiring more aggressive treatment approaches. To reach sufficient number cases brain-autoimmune conditions, pooled two samp...

Optic neuritis is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder that primarily affects the optic nerve and often associated with multiple sclerosis. While it rare for to be accompanied by autoimmune encephalitis, can occur in some cases. A 65-year-old woman bipolar presented a progressively altered mentality. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain showed no definite abnormal findings. Electroencephalogra...