an experimental inactivated oil-emulsion h9n2 avian influenza vaccine was formulated with 3 parts ofinactivated avian influenza antigen a/chicken/iran/101/1998(h9n2) emulsified in 7 parts of oil adjuvant.twelve week-old specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were divided into seven groups of 10 birds. sixgroups were vaccinated with 1, 1/10th, 1/50th, 1/100th, 1/200th and 1/400th field dose of th...

the present study was aimed to construct a fusion plasmid harboring the extracellular domain of the influenza a m2-protein (m2e), which was fused to the n-terminus of the truncated hsp70 (hsp70359–610) molecule as a new approach for future vaccine research against influenza a. the amplified fragments, m2e and hsp70359-610 genes, were gel-purified. the products were then single digested with bam...

backgrounds and objectives: classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses, the h9n2 subtype causes severe respiratory disease in poultry farms and occasional respiratory disease in humans. in this study, the neuraminidase (na) gene of three avian influenza (ai) h9n2 strains isolated from poultry farms in iran during 2010-11, as well as other reported iranian h9n2 isolates, were ge...

background and aims: avian influenza (ai) h9n2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the united states in 1966 and has been panzootic in eurasia. in iran, the h9n2 virus was first isolated from broiler chickens in 1998 in ghazvin province and it is the most prevalent subtype of influenza virus in poultry industry in iran at the present time. materials and methods: in this study, we se...

In South Korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (H3N2) strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. To determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origi...

Avian influenza viruses of the H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), are important pathogens in poultry worldwide. Specifically, the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus is a particular threat because it has now occurred in more than 40 countries on several continents. Inasmuch as most chickens worldwide are vaccinated with a live NDV vaccine, we embarked ...

This article refers to:RETRACTED ARTICLE: Co-infection of turkeys with Escherichia coli (O78) and H6N1 avian influenza virus

BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review to investigate avian influenza outbreaks and to explore their distribution, upon avian influenza subtype, country, avian species and other relating details as no comprehensive epidemiological analysis of global avian influenza outbreaks from 2010 to 2016 exists. METHODS Data was collated from four databases (Scopus, Web of Science Core Correlation, ...

The adaptation of H5N1 avian influenza viruses to human poses a great threat to public health. Previous studies indicate the adaptive mutations in viral polymerase of avian influenza viruses are major contributors in overcoming the host species barrier, with the majority of mammalian adaptive mutations occurring in the PB2 protein. However, the adaptive mutations in the PA protein of the H5N1 a...

Newcastle Disease is still endemic in Pakistan’s poultry industry and responsible for great economic losses and high mortalities. Avian Influenza Virus has been involved in production losses in past few years, with or without the association of Newcastle Disease in the field. Therefore, present study was planned to evaluate the cross protection between Avian Influenza Virus and Newcastle Diseas...