A 44-year-old woman presented with a right huge axillary mass. Both mammography and ultrasonography revealed a primary cancer of 2.8 cm maximum diameter in the right breast and metastases in the axillary lymph nodes, both being confirmed by aspiration cytology as ductal carcinoma. Right standard radical mastectomy with level III axillary lymph node dissection was carried out. Pathologically, th...

BACKGROUND Extranodal soft tissue extension of axillary lymph node metastases (ETE) has been considered an indication for postmastectomy radiotherapy, including the axilla. However, it is unclear whether patients with ETE are at an increased risk of axillary recurrence. METHODS From a single institutional database of 2362 patients with breast carcinoma treated between 1974-1994, a total of 48...

Background. Four-node sampling is a useful substitute for sentinel node biopsy in low resource settings. USG is being increasingly used as a preoperative tool to evaluate axilla. We conducted this study to assess the accuracy of different descriptors of axillary ultrasound and to formulate a model on grading of axillary involvement. Material and Methods. Thirty-four patients with clinically neg...

PURPOSE To evaluate axillary dissection with axillary lymphoscintigraphy (ALS) in postoperative patients with breast carcinoma and its role in adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Additionally, to define axillary dissection as complete and incomplete with ALS and to correlate it with the number of removed lymph nodes. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the last two years, 121 women were studied four weeks after ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of kinetic characteristics in the discrimination of malignant-benign axillary lymph nodes. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred fifty-five female patients were included in the study. Following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations postprocessing applications were applied, dynamic curves were obtained from subtracted images. Types of dynamic curves were...

Background: The current recommendation for evaluation of axilla in patients with early breast cancers is Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection. Axilllary node sampling (ANS) has been validated as an alternative, but its reliance on palpation for localization of axillary nodes limits its precision. Pre-operative ultrasound guided localization can be combined with ANS to overcome this limitation. We con...

The co-existence of breast carcinoma and lymphoma in the axillary lymph nodes, without a history of previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy is rarely described. We present a case of a 50-year-old female with right breast mass, proved by pathological examination to be invasive mucinous carcinoma. Examination of the axillary lymph nodes as axillary clearance showed concomitant small lymphocytic lym...

The Livermore Torso Phantom, the consensus calibration phantom for measuring internally deposited radioactive materials in the lungs, liver and tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, has been modified for calibrating direct, in vivo measurements of Am in the axillary lymph nodes. The axillary lymph nodes may contain radioactive material mobilized from a wound in a finger or hand which may confound resu...

Axillary clearance provides important prognostic information but is associated with significant morbidity. Sentinel node biopsy can provide staging .141 patients with node negative early breast cancers-tumour size less than 1.5 cm measured clinically or by imaging had guided axillary sampling (sentinel lymph node biopsy in combination with axillary sampling). Four node axillary sampling improve...