In this study, the battery pack and ESP32 microcontroller-based management system (BMS) design for electric bicycle have been carried out. The software updates were realized when was in box, thanks to built-in Wi-Fi feature of ESP32. voltage values read precisely, a stable BMS created with 12-bit ADC-based controller. had temperature control from 7 different points. data received DS18B20 digita...

Modern automobiles are entirely controlled by electronic circuits and programs which undoubtedly exposes them to the threat of cyberattacks. Alongside, there is a potential for massive growth in electric vehicle (EV) adoption. The cyber vulnerabilities are magnified with electric vehicles because of the unique and critical risks that entail most EV batteries. EV battery packs provide ‘limited d...

We present results of a math-based model of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) designed in MapleSim1. This model has the benefits of being described in a physically consistent way using acausal system components. We used a battery model by Chen and Rinćon-Mora to develop a math-based model of a complete battery pack, and developed simple power controller, motor/generator, terrain, and drive-cycle...

This paper describes the development of a Battery Management System (BMS) State of Charge/Health (SOC/SOH) algorithm that was developed and proven for three different lithium ion based cell chemistries (nanophosphate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate). In addition, a universal BMS architecture based on this algorithm was developed that can support other chemistries, capacities, a...

This paper focuses on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), consisting of a combination of batteries and Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC), for electric urban busses. The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology to determine the hybridization percentage that allows the electric bus to work with the highest efficiency while reducing battery aging, depending on the chosen topology, cont...

Battery management systems in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs must estimate values descriptive of the pack’s present operating condition. These include: battery state of charge, power fade, capacity fade, and instantaneous available power. The estimation mechanism must adapt to changing cell characteristics as cells age and therefore provide accurate estimates over the lifetime of the pac...