Acute phase C-reactive protein (CRP), raised in obesity and inflammation, is a main binding protein for leptin. It is assumed that CRP contributes to leptin confrontation by preventing leptin from crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here we defined how CRP cooperates with the BBB and whether it deters leptin from attainment CNS targets. CRP was constant in blood, but did not permeate the BB...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory disorder, in which neurons become demyelinated. to date, its etiology has remained unknown. nevertheless, certain features are inspected to provoke ms. for instance, improper function of immune cells is widely believed to be the basis of such disorder. in this concept, ms is stated as an autoimmune disease, which was asserted by major of studies, as cd...

BACKGROUND Bundle branch block (BBB) has been regarded as a disease of the conduction system, but occurs in mice lacking connexin 40 (expressed in atria, proximal conduction system) or connexin 43 (expressed in Purkinje cells, cardiomyocytes). OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to explore whether BBB is heritable, and whether polymorphisms at connexin 40 and connexin 43 loci are associated wi...

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are often used to investigate BBB function and screen brain-penetrating therapeutics, but it has been difficult to construct a human model that possesses an optimal BBB phenotype and is readily scalable. To address this challenge, we developed a human in vitro BBB model comprising brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), pericytes, astrocytes and neurons d...

The transmigration of African trypanosomes across the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the critical step during the course of human African trypanosomiasis. The parasites Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense are transmitted to humans during the bite of tsetse flies. Trypanosomes multiply within the bloodstream and finally invade the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to t...

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that occurs after bacteria interact with and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is comprised of highly specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that function to separate the circulation from the CNS and act as a formidable barrier for toxins and pathogens. Certain bacteria, such as Str...

Transendothelial trafficking of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) and disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) are pathophysiological hallmarks of neuroinflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). Accumulating evidence suggest that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of MS, whereas a specific influence of oxidative stress on BBB dysfunction in MS ...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), introduced into the brain by HIV-1-infected monocytes which migrate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), infects resident macrophages and microglia and initiates a process that causes HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. The mechanism by which HIV-1 infection circumvents the BBB-restricted passage of systemic leukocytes into the brain and disr...