Usually, expert systems use numbers to describe the experts’ degrees of belief in their statements. In practice, however, it is difficult to assign an exact numerical value to the expert’s degree of belief. At best, we can get an interval of possible values. This fact leads to the use of interval-valued degrees of belief. When intervals are used to describe degrees of belief, then computations ...

Two forms of uncertainty are identified to be associated with dynamical systems, which randomness and belief degree. The uncertain stochastic differential equation (USDE) is used describe systems driven simultaneously by human (belief degree). In this paper, the Euler-Maruyama method for solving USDEs examined. solve a stock pricing problem results compared those Runge Kutta order 4. yields low...

unlike teacher beliefs, there has been a dearth of study regarding efl learner beliefs. the reason can be that horwitz (1987) and the existing literature has predominantly been in an esl context. the present study reports the development and validation of a scale to measure the learner beliefs about language learning in iranian efl contexts. using a combination of verbal creativity method, inte...

This article describes a theory of reasoning about uncertainty, baaed on a representation of states of certainty called endorsements The theory of endorsements is an alternative to numerical methods for reasoning about uncertainty, such as subjective Bayesian methods (Shortliffe and Buchanan, 1975; Duda, Hart, and Nilsson, 1976) and the Shafer-Dempster theory (Shafer, 1976). The fundamental con...

The paper provides a quantitative algebraic analysis of a BB’84-type quantum key distribution protocol. The analysis is done in an algebraic setting, where classical and quantum variables form a module for the quantale formed from the communication and quantum actions. The module-quantale pair is endowed with sup-maps that encode uncertainties of agents involved in the protocol, about the varia...

Belief is very often analysed in terms of degrees, and since most human beings experience belief as a matter of degree, this kind of analysis has strong support. Much more controversial is the claim that knowledge, too, may be a matter of degree. The two questions are linked—after all, knowledge is, according to the traditional analyses, a special kind of belief. Many philosophers have analysed...

In this paper, normal cloud model and evidential reasoning (E-R) approach is used in multiple attribute decision analysis (MADA) problems. Different attributes Belief function are represented by cloud model interval. Using cloud model generating algorithm, belief degree interval is obtained without numerical computation. In addition, it is reasonable and it accords with human’s mind. Evidential...

A distance or dissimilarity of evidence represents the degree of dissimilarity between bodies of evidence, which has been widely used in the applications based on belief functions theory. In this paper, new distance measures are proposed based on belief intervals [Bel, P l]. For a basic belief assignment (BBA), the belief intervals of different focal elements are first calculated, respectively,...

Markov decision process (MDP) is commonly used to model a stochastic environment for supporting optimal decision making. However, solving a large-scale MDP problem under the partially observable condition (also called POMDP) is known to be computationally intractable. Belief compression by reducing belief state dimension has recently been shown to be an effective way for making the problem trac...

The fundamental updating process in the tmnsfemble belief model is related to Lhe concept of specialization and can be described by a specialization matrix. The degree of belief in the truth of a proposition is a degree of justified support. The Principle of Minimal Commitment implies that one should never give more support to the truth of a proposition than justified. We show that Dempster's r...