Degenerative mitral valve disease is responsible for the syndromes of billowing mitral leaflet, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), floppy mitral valve, and flail leaflet. The pathology of these is mainly caused by myxomatous infiltration and fibroelastic deficiency. In the 1960s, Reid and Barlow and colleagues proposed that mid to late systolic clicks and apical late systolic murmurs were of mitral v...

Mitral valve prolapse is a common mitral valve disorder manifested clinically as a midsystolic click and/or a late systolic murmur (the click-murmur syndrome) and pathologically as billowing or prolapsing mitral leaflets (the floppy valve syndrome). Not only is it one of the two most common congenital heart diseases and the most common valve disorder diagnosed in the United States, but it is al...

purpose: to demonstrate an approach to the problems of cataract surgery in extensive iridoschisis methods: four eyes of 2 patients with extensive iridoschisis had cataract surgery by the same surgeon using the techniques that resembled techniques for phacoemulsification in intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (ifis). we used low flow parameters on phacoemulsification, used super-cohesive ophthal...

The formation of a layered structure in the form vertically separated density steps (staircases) stably stratified fluids has been reported many laboratory and oceanic studies as well terrestrial atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to lesser extent, with attribution different dynamical mechanisms. This paper presents observations structures fog-laden marine ABL, where both fog appear almost simult...

In the first fractions of a second after the Big Bang, the cosmos expanded exponentially, then became a blistering soup of fundamental particles and energy, and eventually cooled to a point where protons and electrons could combine to form neutral hydrogen. A few hundred million years later, the universe was filled with billowing clouds of hydrogen gas, entering what cosmologists call the cosmi...

Recently, computer graphics (CG) have been used to produce visual images not only for the movie industry, but also for a wide array of other uses such as simulating outdoor views in the landscape design and simulators for training different types of operators. In the future, high quality 3D graphics technology will undoubtedly be used to produce visual content. Against this backdrop, this study...

Since the initial description of mitral valve prolapse as billowing mitral leaflets leading to regurgitation (1-4), physicians have had to contend with the problem of its noninvasive diagnosis (5-9). Lack of specificity of diagnostic criteria led to a "disease by definition" frequently diagnosed in otherwise normal subjects (10-22). Recent efforts have attempted to restore prolapse to the categ...

BACKGROUND Few data exist on the relation of the 3-dimensional morphology of mitral valve and degree of mitral regurgitation (MR) in mitral valve prolapse. METHODS AND RESULTS Real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of the mitral valve was acquired in 112 subjects, including 36 patients with mitral valve prolapse and significant MR (≥3+; MR+ group), 32 patients with mitral va...

The interatrial septum (IAS) was studied by subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography (S2DE) in 88 infants under 12 months of age who weighed 1.2-9.1 kg. The IAS was adequately displayed in 87 of 88 patients. The morphology, presence and localization of defects in the IAS were evaluated by S2DE and retrospectively related to the findings at cardiac catheterization. In seven patients with no i...

n engl j med 368;21 nejm.org may 23, 2013 1953 Some volunteers had been staff­ ing the medical tent for years — one nurse had worked at the Bos­ ton Marathon more than 25 times. Sickened and stressed runners poured into our makeshift hos­ pital. A runner stumbled in and vomited into a bag. We helped him onto a cot, where he sat shivering. “You’re OK,” a nurse said gently, wiping his face. But h...