background: in order to describe the patients and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for widow spider envenomation, investigators require a reliable assessment tool. in this paper, the development of a clinical index for measuring the widow spider bite severity, latrodectus envenomation severity score (less), is described. methods: according to the valid methods for index development, a d...

Spiders commonly disperse on silk lines as juveniles by means of rappelling or ballooning. These modes dispersal, especially long-distance dispersal via ballooning, can greatly increase the distance an individual move and, at population level, speed range expansion and likelihood gene flow. Nevertheless, few studies have examined how spiders under field conditions, which environmental meteorolo...

About 4,000 to 6,000 venomous snakebites occur each year in the United States. Although these envenomations (also known as envenomings) are rarely fatal, about 70 percent require antivenom therapy. Few evidence-based guidelines are available for the management of envenomation. Antivenom therapy is the cornerstone of management for hemorrhagic or coagulopathic envenomation from pit vipers (with ...

Black widow spider envenomation (BWSE) is commonly associated with severe abdominal pain, muscle cramping, and hypertension. Treatment is primarily symptomatic with the use of opiates and benzodiazepines. Priapism is a complication of BWSE that has only rarely been reported. We describe a 17-month-old male who developed priapism after known BWSE. His priapism did not respond to opiates or benzo...

We present timing solutions for eight binary millisecond pulsars (MSPs) discovered by searching unidentified Fermi-LAT source positions with the 327 MHz receiver of Arecibo 305-m radio telescope. Five are "spiders" orbital periods shorter than 8.1 h. Three these in "black widow" systems (with degenerate companions 0.02-0.03 solar masses), one is a "redback" system non-degenerate companion $\gtr...

Abstract We present the discovery of a new optical/X-ray source likely associated with Fermi ? -ray 4FGL J1408.6–2917. Its high-amplitude periodic optical variability, large spectroscopic radial-velocity semiamplitude, evidence for emission lines and flaring, X-ray properties together imply is probably black widow millisecond pulsar binary. compile 41 confirmed suspected field widows, finding m...

The incidence of evaporating ‘black widow’ pulsars (BWPs) among all millisecond pulsars (MSPs) is far higher in globular clusters than in the field. This implies a special formation mechanism for them in clusters. Cluster MSPs in wide binaries with WD companions exchange them for turnoff–mass stars. These new companions eventually overflow their Roche lobes because of encounters and tides. The ...