Recent studies of animal personality have focused on its proximate causation and ecological and evolutionary significance in particular, but the question of its development was largely overlooked. The attributes of personality are defined as between-individual differences in behaviour, which are consistent over time (differential consistency) and contexts (contextual generality) and both can be...

Mangrove forest is one of the ecosystems in coastal area that plays an important role as a habitat for iktiofauna, which gelodok fish community. The purpose this study was to compare community structure mudskippers at Bahak Indah Coast, Tongas, Probolinggo with or without mangrove vegetation. conducted January–February 2022. determination observation station carried out purposively, determined ...

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation was examined in 131 individuals of the Rosy Boa (Lichanura trivirgata) from across the species range in southwestern North America. Bayesian inference and nested clade phylogeographic analyses (NCPA) were used to estimate relationships and infer evolutionary processes. These patterns were evaluated as they relate to previously hypothesized vicariant ...