Chemical routes for the synthesis of nanostructures are fundamental in nanoscience. Among different strategies production nanostructures, this article reviews fundamentals bottom-up approaches, focusing on wet chemistry synthesis. It offers a general view inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic such as ceramics, metal, semiconductor nanoparticles, mesoporous structures, metal–organic frameworks....

Debate exists on use of large-scale, simplified models for predicting shoreline change, e.g., IPCC AR6, as opposed to local-scale ‘compartment-based’ studies. An alternative is act both top-down and bottom-up, integrating multi-scale data. We outline a prototype ‘Omni-Line’ coastal database, spanning Victoria, Australia (2500 km coastline), part the Victorian Coastal Monitoring Program (VCMP). ...

Online social platforms, e-commerce sites and technical fora support the unfolding of informal exchanges, e.g. debates or discussions, that may be topic-driven or serendipitous. We outline a methodology for analysing these exchanges in computational argumentation terms, thus allowing a formal assessment of the dialectical validity of the positions debated in or emerging from the exchanges. Our ...

We propose a bottom-up variant of Earley deduction. Bottom-up deduction is preferable to top-down deduction because it allows incrementai processing (even for head-driven grammars), it is data-driven, no subsumption check is needed, and preference values attached to lexical items can be used to guide best-first search. We discuss the scanning step for bottom-up Earley deduction and indexing sch...

Speech localisation in multitalker mixtures is affected by the listener’s expectations about the spatial arrangement of the sound sources. This effect was investigated via experiments with human listeners and a machine system, in which the task was to localise a female-voice target among four spatially distributed male-voice maskers. Two configurations were used: either the masker locations wer...

As the broadband connectivity to the Internet becomes common, Web based e-learning and distance learning have come to play the central roles for self-learning, where learners are given much flexibility in choosing place and time to study. However, the learners still have to spend a lot of time before reaching the learning goal. This discourages the learners from continuing their studies and dim...

Program synthesis is the transformation of a specification of a user's problem into a computer program. A problem reduction approach to program synthesis is presented. During synthesis the user's problem is decom­ posed in a top-down manner into a hierarchy of subprob­ lems. with directly solveable subproblems at the bottom. Solving these subproblems results in the bottom-up com­ position of a ...

In a formalism of top-down design, we consider the decomposition of behavioral specications into interacting sequential components. The higher level of description speci es the operations to be performed in a major computation step. The goal is to incorporate a given interface speci cation in a lower-level speci cation that accounts for interactions with and among sequential components. This co...