Neurofilaments are the main components of intermediate filaments in neurons, and are expressed under three different subunit proteins, NFL, NFM and NFH. Neurofilaments act with microtubules and microfilaments to form and maintain the neuronal structure and cell shape. Phosphorylation is the main post-translational modification of neurofilaments, which influences their polymerization and depolym...

Background and objectivesAmino acid neurotransmitters are closely correlated to the neurological function of brain, imbalance amino can lead a variety diseases. Therefore, development simple method detect five (aspartate, glutamate, glycine, taurine, γ-aminobutyric) in brain is urgently needed.

Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating disorders which compromise motor or cognitive functions and rapidly becoming a global communal disorder with over 46.8 million people suffering dementia worldwide. Aetiological studies have showed that who exposed to agricultural, occupational environmental toxic chemicals can interfere degenerate dopaminergic neurons prone developing neurodegenerativ...

The divalent cation zinc is an integral requirement for optimal cellular processes, whereby it contributes to the function of over 300 enzymes, regulates intracellular signal transduction, and contributes to efficient synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Given the critical role of zinc in a breadth of cellular processes, its cellular distribution and local tissue level concentra...

In ancient Mesopotamia were not practiced neither autopsies nor dissections, so the internal organs of human body were known only from occasional inspections on wounds and injuries. The brain was considered as a part of the head and was not related to mental activity. However, Babylonian and Assyrian physicians were able to identify the symptoms of many diseases that affect this organ. We will ...

Biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood, urine is not subject to homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, greater fluctuations could occur in urine than in blood, better reflecting the changes in human body. The roadmap of urine biomarker era was proposed. Although urine analysis has been attempted for clinical diagnosis, and u...

Aging, which is a natural process in an organism’s functions decline, present all living organisms. As we age, our brains begin to break down—certain brain regions get smaller and certain cell types decrease number. These changes are similar those seen diseases like Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases. The similarities between aging these neurodegenerative tells us that the same genes might be aff...