Co-administration of a long-acting β2-agonist and a long acting muscarinic antagonist produces superior bronchodilation compared with their individual effects. Our preclinical data indicated that combining aclidinium bromide (ACLI) and formoterol fumarate (FORM) provides synergistic benefit on smooth muscle relaxation of both large and small human airways. Data from more than 2,000 patients in ...

Inhaled bronchodilator medications are central to the management of COPD and are frequently given on a regular basis to prevent or reduce symptoms. While short-acting bronchodilators are a treatment option for people with relatively few COPD symptoms and at low risk of exacerbations, for the majority of patients with significant breathlessness at the time of diagnosis, long-acting bronchodilato...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The cornerstone of pharmacological treatment for COPD is bronchodilation. Inhaled glycopyrronium bromide is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist developed as a maintenance treatment for patients with COPD. Phase III trials have shown that glycopyrronium produces rapid and sustained bronchodilation with an e...

In "Notes on Asthma" published in 1873, John Thorowgood stated that "daily exercise in the open air should not be neglected, and several cases testify to the effect of a steady walk in preventing an attack of asthma even when it already threatens". Similarly, Salter (1868) suggested that he was "puzzled by the fact" that exercise appeared to help some of his patients. From what we know today, i...

Introduction Magnesium sulphate (MS), causes bronchodilation by inhibiting bronchial smooth muscle contraction, interferes with parasympathetic stimulation, and prevents acetylcholine release to axon terminals [1]. It reduces inflammation by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and reduces thromboxane, histamine and leukotrienes [2]. Some pediatric studies suggest that MS, b-2-agonists and steroi...

Fluctuating forces imposed on the airway smooth muscle due to breathing are believed to regulate hyperresponsiveness in vivo. However, recent animal and human isolated airway studies have shown that typical breathing-sized transmural pressure (Ptm) oscillations around a fixed mean are ineffective at mitigating airway constriction. To help understand this discrepancy, we hypothesized that Ptm os...