conclusions according to the results, the old dosimetry formalisms, overestimate the dose especially towards the applicator’s tip. while the tg-43u1 based software perform the calculations more accurately. results for a typical arrangement of 10 active pellets in the applicator, the percentage difference between doses obtained by the new algorithm at 1cm distance from the tip of the applicator ...

thinkers have always tried to define art with special features in the aesthetic analysis that they are common among all the artworks. but what they were suggested, for example representation and expression, is covered a part of artworks and artistic periods. formalism recommends attention to structural, perceptual and formal elements in order to overcome on these problems as a method in the ana...

Formal reasoning is notoriously long and arduous; in order to use it to reason eeectively in the construction of programs it is, therefore, paramount that we design our notations to be both clear and economical. Taking examples from AI, from imperative programming, from the use of the Bird-Meertens formalism and from category theory we demonstrate how the right choice of what to denote and how ...

How do skeptical thought experiments work? The skeptic invites us to “entertain” a vividly described possibility, then argues that skeptical conclusions follow from our inability to rule that possibility out. I contend that the argument’s soundness hinges on whether the skeptical possibilities generate legitimate doubts: we need to separate the issue of whether we can rule a possibility out fro...

The \Boom hierarchy" is a hierarchy of types that begins at the level of trees and includes lists, bags and sets. This hierarchy forms the basis for the calculus of total functions developed by Bird and Meertens, and which has become known as the \Bird-Meertens formalism". This paper describes a hierarchy of types that logically precedes the Boom hierarchy. We show how the basic operators of th...

The way we represent intentions, behaviors, and the spatial context, is crucial for any approach to mobile intention recognition. Formal grammars are cognitively comprehensible and make expressiveness properties explicit. By adding spatial domain knowledge to a grammar we can reduce parsing ambiguities. We argue that there are a number of mobile intention recognition problems which require the ...

stylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and the concept of the context. mahmoud darvish – palestinian poet – is one of the poets who worked in modernism style. he could pres...

The Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber (GRW) theory of spontaneous wave function collapse is known to provide a quantum theory without observers, in fact two different ones by using either the matter density ontology (GRWm) or the flash ontology (GRWf). Both theories are known to make predictions different from those of quantum mechanics, but the difference is so small that no decisive experiment can as yet...

There is still a good deal of confusion in the literature about how the use of a performance management system affects overall organizational performance. Some researchers find that performance management enhances both the financial and non-financial results of an organization, while others do not find any positive effects or, at most, ambiguous effects. An important step toward getting more cl...

Prejudice (i.e. unjustified feelings of dislike or hatred towards members of ethnic minority groups) has long been a significant social problem in ethnically diverse countries (Brown, 1995). Indeed, contrary to earlier reports that prejudice was systematically declining, recent evidence suggests that prejudice may simply be being expressed in new disguises, and may actually be increasing (e.g. ...