the enterotoxins (ets) of clostridium perfringens isolated from enterotoxemic or diarrheic alpacas, pigs, calves, dogs, and horses were obtained from sporulated cell extracts. the ets from alpaca, pig, and calf isolates were chromatographed on sephadex g-loo. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against ets derived from alpaca, pig, and calf c. perfringens isolates were produced. the mabs were used in ...

Bacteroides fragilis constitutes about 1% of the bacterial flora in intestines of normal humans. Enterotoxigenic strains of B. fragilis have been associated with diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. The enterotoxin produced by these isolates induces fluid changes in ligated intestinal loops and an in vitro cytotoxic response in HT-29 cells. We developed a nested PCR to detect the enterotox...

Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Several laboratory techniques are available to detect C. difficile toxins or the genes that encode them in fecal samples. We evaluated the Xpert C. difficile and Xpert C. difficile/Epi (Cepheid, CA) that detect the toxin B gene (tcdB) and tcdB, cdt, and a deletion in tcdC associated with the 027/NAP1/BI strain, respective...

Objective(s): Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection as a healthcare-associated infection can cause life-threatening infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxin profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of C. difficile isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Shiraz, Iran.Mater...

  Background : An accurate and prompt diagnosis of bacterial arthritis is essential for earlier treatment and a good outcome. Superantigens produced by Staph. Aureus are among the most lethal toxins. The paper objective was Identification of common bacterial antigens and S.aureus superantigens in synovial fluid (SF) of children with negative culture and direct smear for other bacteria except fo...

OBJECTIVES: To review and summarize the status of diagnosis, epidemiology, infection control, and treatment of Clostridium difficile -associated disease (CDAD). DIAGNOSIS: A case definition of CDAD should include the presence of symptoms (usually diarrhea) and at least one of the following positive tests: endoscopy revealing pseudomembranes, stool cytotoxicity test for toxin B, stool enzyme imm...

severe, interstitial pneumonitis of undetermined cause. The remaining animals were anaesthetised, systemically perfused with buffered solutions of paraformaldehyde followed by glutaraldehyde, and tissue prepared for examination in 1 m epoxy cross-sections stained with toluidine-blue. Examination of cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, sciatic-nerve complex, and gastrocnemius muscle revealed no toxi...

Clostridium difficile can cause large-scale outbreaks of diarrhea [1,2]. Significant progress has recently been achieved to improve treatment of symptomatic C. difficile disease [3]. But hospitals affected by C. difficile infection still face challenges in the effort to control endemic C. difficile infections, which may be related to overuse of antibiotics (e.g., fluoroquinolones, cephalosporin...