OBJECTIVE To elucidate the relationships between the neurovascular structures and surrounding bone, which are hidden from the surgeon by soft tissue, and to aid in avoiding nerve root and vertebral artery injury in anterior cervical spine surgery. METHODS Using six cadaveric spines, we measured important landmarks on the anterior surface of the spine, the bony housing protecting the neurovasc...

The human complement component C4 occurs in many different forms which show big differences in their haemolytic activities. This phenomenon seems likely to be of considerable importance both physiologically and pathologically. C4 is coded by duplicated genes between HLA-D and HLA-B loci in the major histocompatibility complex in man. Several fold differences in haemolytic activity between produ...

We report a very rare (5~7%) case of bilateral C5 palsy after cervical surgery. A 71-year-old male patient with cervical ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) with foraminal stenosis at bilateral C4/5 underwent posterior decompression and fusion surgery. After surgery, muscle weakness in his both deltoid and biceps was detected and gradually deteriorated to complete paralysis. ...

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective comparative study. PURPOSE To clarify the risk factors related to the development of postoperative C5 palsy through radiological studies after cervical double-door laminoplasty (DDL). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Although postoperative C5 palsy is generally considered to be the result of damage to the nerve root or segmental spinal cord, the associated pathology remai...

We have generated 3 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, in aqueous solution, of the bacterial soluble glucose dehydrogenase enzyme.PQQ.glucose complex and intermediates formed in PQQ reduction. In the MD structure of enzyme.PQQ.glucose complex the imidazole of His144 is hydrogen bonded to the hydroxyl hydrogen of H[bond]OC1(H) of glucose. The tightly hydrogen-bonded triad Asp163-His144-gluco...