The ultimate success of the reconquista (the reconquering of Muslim lands in the Iberian Peninsula from 718-1492) and the ensuing consolidation of Spain beneath the joint rule of Ferdinand and Isabel helped define the course of western civilization. This paper uses the unique institutional organization of Muslim rulers in Iberia to explain the fall of Muslim power in the Peninsula. Through vast...

as one of the influential groups in the incidents of the early centuries ah, khawārij appeared for the first time during the caliphate of imam ‘alī (a.s.) and in the process of the battle of ṣaffain as an independent cult that stood up in opposition to arbitration (ḥakamiyyat). upon the transfer of caliphate to the umayyad, the khawārij stood up against them from the very beginning and develope...

This study examines the material for caliphate in fiqh class XII at publisher of PT Karya Toha Putra Semarang. In theory, Khilafah this book is part discipline siyasa which discusses system state and government. has given one side meaning academic studies, varies among Islamic scientists. So that when it presented as a subject matter, there are various possibilities having an exclusive view cal...