Both oligopoly theory and experiments are concerned almost uniquely with sellers’ behavior. Buyers’ ability to exhibit non-trivial behavior in different market institutions remains unaddressed. This paper investigates the impact of three variables (number of buyers, surplus division at the market-clearing price and information revelation) on strategic and fairness-motivated demand withholding. ...

2000a). Chaloner (2007) asserted that to make an ethically appropriate decision, it is important to engage in a process of ethical analysis, for example the application of the ethics of care and the ethics of justice (Botes 2000a). Following a literature review, Tuckett (2004) identified themes relating to the ethical argument for and against truth-telling. These themes were autonomy, physical ...

The purpose of this research is to provide a systematic review and integrative framework the antecedents knowledge withholding. A literature led selection 42 empirical papers that collected data from 16,649 respondents. included identified 93 showed high degree theoretical variety. We used theories interdependence, social exchange, identity construct integrates explains why people withhold thei...

Limited evidence exists to support the withholding of feeds during packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion to reduce the incidence of transfusion-associated necrotizing enterocolitis (TANEC) in preterm infants. The aim of the manuscript was to systematically review studies reporting the effect of implementing a policy of withholding feeds on the incidence of TANEC in preterm infants. The follo...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the current situation and analyze the associated factors of withdrawing or withholding life support in the intensive care unit (ICU) of our cancer center. METHODS Three hundred and twenty-two cancer patients in critical status were admitted to our ICU in 2010 and 2011. They were included in the study and were classified into two groups: withdrawing or withholding lif...

this paper proposes an optimal transmission expansion planning (tep) which is based on determining share of each line in merchandizing surplus (ms) of system, determining by independent system operator (iso). the more share of a line in ms of system denotes the priority of a line for expansion. the procedure of determining ms of each line in a power system is based on determining the ms share o...