Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is an uncommon in humans and animals caused by pulmonary hypertension (PH). The aim of this study was to investigate pathomorphological findings PVOD a cat. A mass detected the right atrium with echocardiography 11-year-old male Following treatments, necropsy cat performed after death due respiratory failure. Macroscopically, masses were mesenteric lymph ...

Catheter ablation has become an accepted treatment approach for drug-refractory, symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). The technical aspects of the procedure have evolved, but to a remarkable degree, the objective of the procedure is nearly the same as when it was first introduced: the electrical isolation of the principal trigger sites of AF, the pulmonary veins (PVI). The procedure has an exc...

Treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) with catheter ablation has proven to be a safe and effective treatment modality which is offered to an increasing number of patients in many centers. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an established cornerstone of AF ablation strategies. Athough the isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) with irrigated focal radiofrequency (RF) catheters using a point-by-po...

The coronary sinus (CS) is the cardiac venous system that begins at its ostium in the right atrium and ends at the origin of the great cardiac vein.1,2,3 The major tributaries of the CS include the great cardiac vein (anterior cardiac vein), the left obtuse marginal vein, the posterior (or inferior) left ventricular vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the right coronary vein. In addition, atrial...

Introduction:- The coronary sinus is a collection of veins, joined together to form large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium) 1. Most cardiac veins drain into wide sinus, 2 or 3 cm long, lying in posterior atrioventricular groove between left atrium and ventricle.2 opens right opening inferior vena cava orifice. An endocardial fold may guard entrance valve Thebesian Va...

The inadequate availability of human donor hearts and other organs has inspired interest in field of xenotransplantation. The prospect of transgenic pig providing compatible organs for human xenotransplantation is becoming more likely. We aim to compare cardiac anatomy of pig hearts with human cadaveric hearts. A comparative analysis of pig and human cardiac anatomy was made by gross examinatio...

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital malformation of thoracic venous return and is present in 0.3 to 0.5% of individuals in the general population. This heart specimen was dissected from a 35-year-old male cadaver whose cause of death was determined as non-cardiac. The heart was examined and we found a PLSVC draining into the coronary sinus. The right superio...

The intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) offers a detailed visualization of the cardiac structures, in association with hemodynamic information, allowing the precise and real-time positioning of the catheters, decreasing the time of exposure to fluoroscopy and the monitoring of acute complications during the electrophysiological procedure (i.e., formation of thrombi, pericardial effusion, cardia...

Minimally invasive atrial fibrillation surgery (MIAFS) has become a well established and increasingly used option for managing patients with stand-alone arrhythmia. Pulmonary veins (PVs) isolation continues to be the cornerstone of ablation strategies. Indeed, in most cases, atrial fibrillation (AF) is triggered in or near the PVs. Nevertheless, ectopic beats initiating AF may occasionally aris...