Centrioles form cilia and centrosomes, organelles whose dysfunction is increasingly linked to human disease. Centriole duplication relies on a few conserved proteins (ZYG-1/Sak/Plk4, SAS-6, SAS-5/Ana2, and SAS-4), and is often initiated by the formation of an inner "cartwheel" structure. Here, we show that overexpressed Drosophila Sas-6 and Ana2 coassemble into extended tubules (SAStubules) tha...

Centrioles consist of nine-triplet microtubules arranged in rotational symmetry. This structure is highly conserved among various eukaryotic organisms and serves as the base for the ciliary axoneme. Recently, several proteins such as SAS-6 have been identified as essential to the early process of centriole assembly, but the mechanism that produces the 9-fold symmetry is poorly understood. In C....

Auditory information is initially processed in the cochlear nuclei before being relayed to the brain. The cochlear nuclei are subdivided into dorsal, anterior ventral, and posterior ventral domains, each containing several subtypes of neurons that are thought to play discrete roles in the processing of sound. However, the ontogeny of these neurons is poorly understood, and this gap in knowledge...

Chandra and XMM−Newton observations of the Cartwheel galaxy show∼ 17 bright X-ray sources ( > ∼ 5× 10 38 erg s), all within the gas-rich outer ring. We explore the hypothesis that these X-ray sources are powered by intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) accreting gas or undergoing mass transfer from a stellar companion. To this purpose, we run N -body/SPH simulations of the galaxy interaction wh...

Recent studies of the Chlamydomonas bld10 mutant have revealed that the ninefold symmetry of the centriole is set by the length of the cartwheel spokes, which fixes the diameter, and thereby the circumference, of the centriole.

Centrioles are the foundation for centrosome and cilia formation. The biogenesis of centrioles is initiated by an assembly mechanism that first synthesizes the ninefold symmetrical cartwheel and subsequently leads to a stable cylindrical microtubule scaffold that is capable of withstanding microtubule-based forces generated by centrosomes and cilia. We report that the conserved WD40 repeat doma...

Abstract We study the low corona evolution of “Cartwheel” coronal mass ejection (CME; 2008 April 9) by reconstructing its three-dimensional path and modeling it with magnetohydrodynamic simulations. This event exhibited a double deflection that has been reported analyzed in previous works but whose underlying cause remained unclear. The Cartwheel CME traveled toward hole (CH) against magnetic g...

This paper presents two biped designs for miniature climbing robots. The designs use underactuation to satisfy space and weight constraints. In the first design, one actuator provides steering and another two propel the robot in a cartwheel style gait. The cartwheel gait is quite effective but space required for the maneuver precludes certain applications. The limitation is overcome in the seco...