A pilot plant using ceramic microfiltration membranes which could be regularly back-flushed with air for fouling control was evaluated for the treatment of spent cutting-oil. It was found that membrane fouling could be effectively controlled with regular air back-flushes (every 3 min for 1 s) and chemical cleaning using caustic soda. Permeate flux remained approximately constant and varied from...

The definition for a detergent is a cleaning agent. The main cleaning agent used in earlier days was soap. This term means a compound formed from the reaction of a fatty acid with a base such as caustic soda, forming the sodium soap of the acid. The more commonly used cleaning agent in this day and age is the synthetic detergent (SYNDET) which is a formulation such as TIDE or FAB. The essential...

DESCRIPTION A 75-year-old, previously healthy, woman presented to the emergency room with bilateral hand wounds. Her medical history revealed the use of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH)—impregnated swab without gloves for approximately 2–3 h. Within several hours she felt a burning sensation and noticed significant hyperaemia and blisters over her left interdigitals and her right tenar eminence and fi...

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is a technology combining solute and solvent dissociation to produce chemicals. In the recent decades, it has been typically studied for production of valuable acid base solutions from salt streams. Although many works have devoted experimental investigation BMED, only few efforts focused on its mathematical modelling. present work, comprehensive process ...

Three approaches were examined for the reutilization of cold caustic extraction (CCE) lye. The term CCE lye refers here to used NaOH solution with relatively high alkali content, which could be wasted if not reused properly. results showed that can effectively applied in deinking, alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching, and oxygen delignification processes. improved physical strength dried sheet ...

OBJECTIVE To describe bauxite mining and alumina refining processes and to outline the relevant physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial health risks. METHODS Review article. RESULTS The most important risks relate to noise, ergonomics, trauma, and caustic soda splashes of the skin/eyes. Other risks of note relate to fatigue, heat, and solar ultraviolet and for some opera...