in the case of abuse of right  of  freedom of trade, intentional fault or negligence, resort  to unlawful means and act contrary to professional ethics and in general, fulfillment of conditions of compensation of loss according to governing rules in legal systems, commercial rivals have tortious liability within the framework of traditional principles of tort law. nowadays, day by day, cases of...

Roman S. Savelev,1 Ilya V. Shadrivov,2 Pavel A. Belov,1 Nikolay N. Rosanov,1,3 Sergey V. Fedorov,1,3 Andrey A. Sukhorukov,2 and Yuri S. Kivshar1,2 1National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO), St. Petersburg 197101, Russia 2Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia ...

We show that in plasmonic systems, exact loss compensation can be achieved with the help of spasers pumped over a wide range of pumping values both below and above the spasing threshold. We demonstrate that the difference between spaser operation below and above the spasing threshold vanishes, when the spaser is synchronized by an external field. As the spasing threshold loses its significance,...

We present a theory of the effective dielectric response of metamaterials containing gain. We demonstrate analytically that the conditions of spaser generation and the full loss compensation in a dense resonant plasmonic-gain metamaterial are identical. Consequently, attempting the full compensation or overcompensation of losses by gain will lead to an instability and a transition to a spaser s...

This work presents a reactive control strategy for loading and sudden unloading of an elbow effort-compensation device controlled in force. Through this strategy, addition to individual's forearm weight, external load can be detected adaptively compensated via feed-forward force reference, facilitating the execution arbitrary movements by wearer. In case contact/load loss, power-aware is implem...

Mitigating crop and livestock loss to wildlife and improving compensation distribution are important for conservation efforts in landscapes where people and wildlife co-occur outside protected areas. The lack of rigorously collected spatial data poses a challenge to management efforts to minimize loss and mitigate conflicts. We surveyed 735 households from 347 villages in a 5154 km(2) area surr...

Targeted deletion of the bHLH DNA-binding protein Hand2 in the neural crest, impacts development of the enteric nervous system (ENS), possibly by regulating the transition from neural precursor cell to neuron. We tested this hypothesis by targeting Hand2 deletion in nestin-expressing neural precursor (NEP) cells. The mutant mice showed abnormal ENS development, resulting in lethal neurogenic ps...

Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) is the most common inherited optic atrophy where vision impairment results from specific loss of retinal ganglion cells of the optic nerve. Around 60% of ADOA cases are linked to mutations in the OPA1 gene. OPA1 is a fission-fusion protein involved in mitochondrial inner membrane remodelling. ADOA presents with marked variation in clinical phenotype and v...