Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that exert direct cytotoxic functions. Ubiquitously-expressed toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been recognized as one of the major components promoting dendritic cell (DC) maturation, which may induce polarized immune responses beneficial to cancer immunotherapy. TLR-activated NK cells and DCs are prerequisite for robust ac...

background macrophages play critical roles in innate immune response in the liver. whether macrophages participate in liver innate immunity against hcv replication is poorly understood objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the role of macrophages in liver innate immunity against hcv replication. conclusions macrophages may play an important role in liver innate immunity against hc...

the b cell is a vital contributor to humoral immunity. the b cell-specific antigen cd20 is expressed during b cell development, starting at the pre-b cell level and persists through b cell differentiation, but is lost during terminal differentiation to plasma cells. rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that destroys both normal and malignant b cells that have cd20 on their surfaces and is therefo...

The mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells mediate immunity against bacterial pathogens remain largely unknown. Perforin-dependent cytolysis plays a role, but is not required for CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against Listeria monocytogenes. TNF is essential for CD8+ T cell immunity to L. monocytogenes, but the cellular source of TNF is undefined. TNF-deficient and TNF/perforin double-deficient mice w...

Cell-mediated immune responses in patients who had recovered from cryptococcosis were compared to those of healthy subjects. Cryptococcal patients were mildly lymphopenic but showed no defect in percentage of thymus-derived lymphocytes. One-third had positive delayed skin test reactions to cryptococcal antigen. Their skin test reactivity to two commonly used noncryptococcal antigen’s was less i...

1 Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway 2Nofima, Muninbakken 9-13, 9291 Tromso, Norway 3Division of Solid Tumor, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA 4 Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Immunology Discovery, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, U...

Evidence is presented which reinforces the complexity of the host-parasite interaction during the course of syphilis. Infection with Treponema pallidum evokes a complicated antibody response and an assortment of cell-mediated immune reactions in the host. It appears that humoral immunity plays a minor role towards the complete elimination of syphilitic infection while the cellular limb of the i...

A murine respiratory challenge model was used to examine the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses and their role in protection against BordeteUla pertussis following immunization or previous infection. Spleen cells from mice convalescing from a B. pertussis infection exhibited extensive in vitro T-cell proliferation and secreted high levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interf...

vaccines against the hiv-1 virus offers the best hope for eliminating hiv-associated mortality. recombinant adenovector type 5 (rad5) vaccine is a potential candidate for preventive vaccine strategies. in this study, we evaluated the rad5 prime/protein boost strategy in a murine model. we used rad5 harboring single hiv-1 genes. these genes, including gag (p24) and exon1 of tat, were amplified f...