In order to select actions appropriate to current needs, a subject must identify relationships between actions and events. Control over the environment is determined by the degree to which action consequences can be predicted, as described by action-outcome contingencies--i.e. performing an action should affect the probability of the outcome. We evaluated in a first experiment adaptation to con...

The actions of TRH and its analog, y butyrolactone y -carbonyl histidyl prolinamide citrate (DN-1417) on the unit activities of the cerebral cortex, caudate -putamen and nucleus accumbens were examined using a microelec trophoretic technique in anesthetized rats. Over 80% of the neurons examined in the nucleus accumbens responded to TRH and DN -1417. The effects were mainly inhibitory, but exci...

Previously, we found fluoxetine reduces methamphetamine preference in mice. However, effects of fluoxetine on developed methamphetamine preference and on methamphetamine induced gene expression changes have been largely unknown. The present study investigates effects of post-treatment with fluoxetine on methamphetamine dependence and on gene expressions after long-term withdrawal in mice. First...

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug of abuse that causes neurotoxicity with high or repeated dosing. Earlier studies demonstrated the ability of the selective σ receptor ligand N-phenethylpiperidine oxalate (AC927) to attenuate the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in vivo. However, the precise mechanisms through which AC927 conveys its protective effects remain to be...

this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soy milk on serum 17- β estradiol level and number of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as determination of the ratio of neurons in cortical and hippocampal regions in neonatal ovariectomized rats. thirty female rats (one day old) were divided into six groups of five. at day 7, ovariectomy surgery was performed in four groups a...

Objective(s): The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mild hypothermia on expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) of rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and further investigate the possible mechanism of action. Material and Methods:To copy an asphyxia heart arrest model, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided...