Sulfur mustard is a member of the vesicant class of chemical warfare agents that causes blistering to the skin and mucous membranes. There is no specific antidote, and treatment consists of systematically alleviating symptoms. Historically, sulfur mustard was used extensively in inter-governmental conflicts within the trenches of Belgium and France during World War I and during the Iran-Iraq co...

It is unlikely that Gulf War veterans are suffering chronic effects from illnesses caused by chemical warfare nerve agent exposure. Extensive investigation and review by several expert panels have determined that no evidence exists that chemical warfare nerve agents were used during the Gulf War. At no time before, during, or after the war was there confirmation of symptoms among anyone, milita...

Sulphur mustard (SM) is a well-known chemical warfare agent. It was first used during World War I and more recently in the Iran/Iraq conflict causing more than 100,000 Iranian casualties. Previous study showed that this gas can raised inflammatory marker but in this current case that suffered from cancer. After examine current case for candidate CABG, we found that Hs-CRP and IL-6 was very low ...

The use of chemical agents for terrorist attacks or military warfare is a major concern at the present time. Chemical agents can cause significant morbidity, are relatively inexpensive, and are easy to store and use. Weaponization of chemical agents is only limited by the physicochemical properties of some agents. Recent incidents involving toxic industrial chemicals and chemical terrorist atta...

background: one of the medical team’s responsibilities is to teach the methods of rescue and aid necessary for casualties who have been injured in disasters. they must be taken away of the place of disaster, transferred, categorized and cured. methods: delphi technique was used in this research. firstly, a number of questions were framed and sent to a number of experts of different majors. they...

background: about 100,000 iranian have been exposed to chemical weapons during iraq‑iran conflict (1980‑88). after being spent of more than two decades, still about 30,000 of them are under follow‑up treatment. the main aim of this study was to review various preventive and therapeutic methods for injured patients with sulfur mustard in different phases. methods: for gathering information, we h...

The large-scale use of chemical warfare agents first occurred during World War I (the "chemists' war"), and was thereafter repeated at irregular intervals, most recently during the Iran-Iraq conflict of the 1980s. There was consequently a possibility that chemical weapons might be used in the Gulf war. The threat posed by terrorist groups became evident in 1994-95, when Japanese civilians were ...

The Second Indochina War (or Vietnam Conflict) of 1961-1975 is noted for the widespread and severe environmental damage inflicted upon its theatre of operations, especially in the former South Vietnam (Westing, 1976, 1980, 1982a, 1984b). The US strategy in South Vietnam, inter alia, involved massive rural area bombing, extensive chemical and mechanical forest destruction, large-scale chemical a...