Citalopram, is an extremely potent inhibitor of neuronal serotonin reuptake. It is structurally unrelated to other antidepressants, but it contains the chemical features associated with reversal of drug resistance and exhibits minimal cardiotoxic side effects and fewer of the anticholinergic and adrenolytic side effects associated with other psychotropic agents. Sensitivity tests to citalopram ...

Chloroquine, a widely used anti-malaria drug, has gained popularity for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Unfortunately, chloroquine may also negatively impact renal function for patients whose fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is already compromised by diseases. Chronic administration of chloroquine also results i...

rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 0.5-1% of the world population. the current approach to this disease is to start an intensive treatment without delay once the disease has developed. various studies in the literature have shown that combination of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs such as sulfasalazine and chloroquine offers a more a...

Washed erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-susceptible (CS) or with chloroquine-resistant (CR) P. berghei were used in model systems in vitro to study the accumulation of chloroquine with high affinity. The CS model could achieve distribution ratios (chloroquine in cells: chloroquine in medium) of 100 in the absence of substrate. 200-300 in the presence of 10 mM pyruvate or lactate, and over...

Research into chloroquine resistance reversal in Plasmodium falciparum has revealed a widespread range of functionally and structurally diverse chemosensitizers. However, nearly all of these chemosensitizers reverse resistance optimally only at concentrations that are toxic to humans. Verapamil, desipramine, and trifluoperazine were shown to potentiate chloroquine accumulation in a chloroquine-...

Here we describe the identification and characterization of a physiological marker that is associated with the chloroquine-resistant (CQR) phenotype in the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Single cell in vivo pH measurements revealed that CQR parasites consistently have an elevated cytoplasmic pH compared to that of chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) parasites because of a constitutively...

Here we describe the identification and characterization of a physiological marker that is associated with the chloroquine-resistant (CQR) phenotype in the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Single cell in vivo pH measurements revealed that CQR parasites consistently have an elevated cytoplasmic pH compared to that of chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) parasites because of a constitutively...

Intravenous injections of chloroquine terminated experimental atrial fibrillation in open chest dog preparations. Chloroquine and quinidine possess equal vasodilating properties when injected intra-arterially in the same dosage. Chloroquine and quinidine were equally effective in decreasing resting excitability of isolated cat papillary muscle; conduction velocity was markedly slowed by quinidi...

objective: plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance is a major problem in malaria endemic areas. single nucleotide polymorphisms in pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes are known to be associated with chloroquine resistance in some parts of the world. the major goal of the present study was to detect the five single nucleotide polymorphisms in pfmdr1 gene and one single nucleotide polymorphisms in pfcrt ...