background and aims: hdv is a defective satellite virus and classified in genus deltavirus. its disease is related and limited to hbv-infected patients. acute infection of delta agent occurs in two different patterns simultaneous infection with both hbv & hdv or super infection of chronically hbv infected patients that lead to more sever type of hepatitis. according to genetic diversity of geno...

background and aims: recently, a novel dna virus was isolated from the serum of a patient with post-transfusion non a-g hepatitis and named tt virus. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence tt virus among cirrhotic patients due to hepatitis b & c in infection ahwaz. methods: the prevalence of ttv infection was studied in 41 patients with liver cirrhosis. ttv dna was detected by se...

Hemophiliac patients with chronic hepatitis C might be exposed to and become infected with multiple hepatitis C virus (HCV) strains by means of frequent use of blood products, even if they are infected with a single subtype of HCV. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the genetic diversity of hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of HCV in chronically infected hemophiliacs and in patients with chronic ...

Hepatitis B virus is estimated to have infected 350 million individuals globally, accounting for over 500 000 deaths each year. An effective and widely available vaccine provides protection from infection, but treatment is rarely curative. Recent developments in antiviral treatment have brought the opportunity for greatly improved management of those chronically infected with hepatitis B virus,...

context since the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral regimen for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection, a significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in patients already chronically infected with hepatitis b virus and then given this form of regimen for their retroviral infection. evidence acquisition this phenomenon was initially attributed...

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the levels of antioxidant markers (paraoxonase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiol) oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products, xanthin oxidase, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B C. Material Method: Sixty last trimester, 20 whom had B, another C, remaining we...

Little is known about the role of Abs in determining the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By using infectious retroviral pseudotypes bearing HCV glycoproteins, we measured neutralizing Ab (nAb) responses during acute and chronic HCV infection. In seven acutely infected health care workers, only two developed a nAb response that failed to associate with viral clearance. In contrast,...

The cellular immune response contributes to clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and persists for decades after recovery from infection. The immunological basis for the inefficiency of the cellular immune response in chronically infected persons is not known. Here, we used four HLA-A2 tetramers, specific for two HCV core and two HCV NS3 epitopes, to investigate at the single-cell level effector...