ReUirns to seniority account for a subslantial share of public K-12 expenditures. Over the first ten to 15 years of a career, public school teachers enjoy average wa^e growth al least equivalent to that of other white-coltar workers. ELxplanatians for Ihis structure in terms of human capital or costly monitoring tack theoretical and empirical support. A steeper wageleniire profile reduces tumov...

background: crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) belongs to genus nairovirus and family bunyaviridae. the main aim of this study was to investigate the extent of recombination in s-segment genome of cchfv in iran. methods: samples were isolated from iranian patients and those available in genbank, and analyzed by phyloge­netic and bootscan methods. results: through comparison of the ph...

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain class switch recombination occurs mainly by joining two switch (S) regions, segments of tandemly repeated DNA sequences that lie upstream of heavy chain constant region genes. The products of this recombination event are a chromosomal DNA joint and a 'looped-out' circular DNA joint. Although a previous study showed that 40% of chromosomal joints in the mu gene sw...

Toll-like receptor 7 and Myd88 are required for antiretroviral antibody and germinal center responses, but whether somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination are required for antiretroviral immunity has not been examined. Mice deficient in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) resisted Friend virus infection, produced virus-neutralizing antibodies, and controlled viremia. Passiv...