climate change is a complicated issue with many factors playing role in its formation and distribution. considering this complication, a comprehensive and holistic approach is needed for a better understanding and management of those factors. the causal frameworks are among systemic and integrated methods for addressing the causes of environmental problems and the relationships that exist betwe...

Sustainable architecture is known as an important strategy in recent years and all around the world are cooperating to achieve this by use of natural elements. There are many examples of residential buildings in Iran s past and its traditional architecture that the architecture in the interim of paying attention to aesthetic issues and preserving the natural environment acts in a way that meets...

We identify two issues with a standard time series approach to reconstruction of past climate fluctuations from paleoclimatic data series, one related to specification of the estimated relationship between climate and the paleoclimatic index, the other to the methodology of estimation. We show that the standard approach provides biased estimates of the reconstructed climate series and underesti...

background : health professionals face the adverse health effects of climate change and air pollution in their practices. this review underscores the effects of these environmental factors on maternal and children’s health, as the most vulnerable groups to climate change and air pollution. methods : we reviewed electronic databases for a search of the literature to find relevant studies publish...

Tree-ring data can extend back in time for thousands of years allowing researchers to reconstruct certain environmental factors that have left an imprint or signal in the tree-ring record. Typically, these factors include reconstructions of annual precipitation or temperature for months or seasons to which a particular tree species is sensitive. Over the last several decades, scientists have us...

expanded abstract introduction in general, loess sediments are one of the most widespread forms of eolian sediments. during the past few decades, loess stratigraphy studies played key role in global climate changes. these sediments are usually yellowish in color and silt makes 70 to 90 percent of it volume. in iran, loesses outcrop often in northeast of south caspian sea. the previous studies r...

our country, iran, is in the category of waterless and survived countries because of lack of climate downfalls to its unsuitable local to temporal transmittance. environmental concerns mainly after 1960s that have boon seriously proposed in universal politics, created a variety of assessments. in the late decades, environmental change such as: climate change, has caused chief challenges for the...

[1] We test the performance of proxy-based climate field reconstruction methods using sets of synthetic proxy climate indicators. ‘Pseudoproxies’ are constructed through the degradation of instrumental surface temperature data by additive noise with variable statistical properties. Experiments are performed using pseudoproxy networks of varying spatial and seasonal representation and with varyi...