In multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the most common neurological causes of long-term disability, the myelin-producing oligodendrites of the CNS are the target of recurrent cell-mediated auto-immune attack. The lifetime risk of developing MS is about 1 in 800 in the western world, and in the UK the prevalence is 80 per 100,000 population. The incidence is higher in temperate climates and in peopl...

1.1 Cutaneous sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatosis disease of unknown etiology, characterized pathologically by noncaseating granulomas in involved tissues1,2. It mainly involves the lungs but may also be associated with systemic manifestations3. The disease most commonly affects the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, phalangeal bones, parotid glands, eyes, and skin4. Skin in...

As the population ages, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders will be encountered even more frequently by clinical neurologists. New treatments will continue to emerge as scientific understanding of the molecular genetic and pathophysiologic basis of these disorders evolves. Volume 8 of the Hospital Physician Neurology Board Review Manual will focus on the diagnosis and management of neurodeg...

purpose: to report the clinical, confocal scan, and histopathologic features of bilateral nocardia keratitis following photorefractive keratectomy (prk). case report: a 23-year-old girl underwent simultaneous bilateral prk for myopia. on the third postoperative day, dense central infiltrates mainly involving the anterior stroma were noticed in both eyes. clinical and confocal scan features were...