BACKGROUND The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is rising in women. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are associated with MS risk and whether this varies by progestin content. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of females ages 14-48 years with incident MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) 2008-2011 from the membership of Kais...

Cognitive abnormalities have been extensively studied in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about the cognitive involvement in patients with Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS). Objective This study aimed to investigate cognitive impairment in patients with CIS compared with healthy subjects. Methods 18 CIS patients and 18 controls were subjected to the Wechsler memory scale, ...

Task-functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that early cortical recruitment exists in multiple sclerosis, which can partly explain the discrepancy between conventional magnetic resonance imaging and clinical disability. The study of the brain 'at rest' may provide additional information, because task-induced metabolic changes are relatively small compared to the energy use of ...

Background: Cell-derived microparticles are secreted in response to cell damage or dysfunction. Endothelial and platelet dysfunction are thought to contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our aim here is, first, to compare the presence of microparticles of endothelial and platelet origin in plasma from patients with different clinical forms of MS and with clinically isolated s...

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. In most patients, the disease initiates with an episode of neurological disturbance referred to as clinically isolated syndrome, but not all patients with this syndrome develop multiple sclerosis over time, and currently, there is no clinical test that can conclusively establish wh...

References Association of British Neurologists . 2009 . Revised (2009) guidelines for prescribing in multiple sclerosis . London: Association of British Neurologists . Comi G , Martinelli V , Rodegher M et al . 2009 . Eff ect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically defi nite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, p...