Up to 70% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience cognitive dysfunction during the course of their disease. The most often affected domains are attention, memory, and information processing speed. Sequelae of cognitive dysfunction include negative effects on activities of daily living, employment, and relationships. This article reviews cognitive dysfunction in MS and focuses specificall...

Cognitive dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 diabetes share many similarities, but important differences do exist. A primary distinguishing feature of type 2 diabetes is that people with this disorder often (but not invariably) do poorly on measures of learning and memory, whereas deficits in these domains are rarely seen in people with type 1 diabetes. Chronic hyperglycaemia and microvascular di...

Cognitive Dysfunction' was assessed in 30patients diagnosed to have Major Depression (DSM III R), using the PCI memory scale and the Wechsler Adult Performance Intelligence Scale, form PR both of which have been developed and standardised in India. Depressed patients revealed marked impairment on tests of attention and concentration, and immediate and delayed recall on tests of memory (PCI); wh...

Cardiac surgery, and especially cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), has been the poster child for postoperative cognitive morbidity. Over the past 10-15 years, however, it has become increasingly clear that disruption or decline in cognitive function is also fairly widespread among elderly non-cardiac surgical patients. The reasons are a matter of considerable controversy and this brief overview will...

Thirty patients of primary depression were assessed for their cognitive functions initially in the depressed state and on complete recovery. The results indicate presence of definite cognitive impairment during the depressed state (as measured by the Bhatia's Battery test and PGI memory scale) which is restored to normal after recovery from depression. The intensity of depression as indicated b...

BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction and changes in body composition share common pathophysiological pathways. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate whether changes in appendicular muscle mass (AMM) and fat mass (FM) are associated factors with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction in community-dwelling older women. METHODS A nested case-control study was performed in 181 women aged 7...

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a severe and life-threatening complication after an operation. The mobilisation of the patient is difficult and, therefore, the stay of the patient in the hospital is extended and the resulting immobilisation is associated with further complications (e.g. decubitus, pneumonia, or thrombosis). The genesis of the postoperative cognitive dysfunction has diffe...

The control group comprised healthy volunteers. Although a loose attempt was made to match controls with patients, for reasons of sampling it is not inconceivable that the two groups differed in basal cognitive capacity. Current research strategies in the field seek to match experimental and control groups on premorbid I.Q., assessed, for example, on a vocabulary task, or using a specific tool ...

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) refers to a deterioration in cognition noted to occur after surgery and anesthesia. Recent studies have demonstrated a number of correlates and risk factors for this condition, although much remains to be elucidated in terms of the true incidence, etiology, prevention, and treatment.

The human visual system is made up of an exquisitely organised array of functional units which have been the subject of investigation by many disciplines, including those of optics, electrophysiology, neurophysiology, psychology, and in the realm of cognate vision, philosophy. The nature of image degradation, resulting from pathology of the eye or anterior visual pathways, is not difficult to i...