the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among employees’ empowerment, organizational commitment and job commitment in physical education organization of tehran province. the statistical population included all personnel in physical education organization of tehran province out of which 150 subjects were selected through stratified random sampling. a) spreitzer's (1995) em...

Lo and Chau [7] showed that ideal quantum coin flipping protocol is impossible. The proof was simply derived from the impossibility proof of quantum bit commitment [7, 8]. However, the proof still leaves the possibility of quantum coin flipping protocol with arbitrary small bias. In this paper, we show that quantum coin flipping protocol with arbitrary small bias is impossible and show the lowe...

This paper presents applications for the weak protection of secrets in which weakness is not just acceptable but desirable. For one application, two versions of a lottery scheme are presented in which the result of the lottery is determined by the ticket numbers purchased, but no one can control the outcome or determine what it is until after the lottery closes. This is because the outcome is k...

Article history: Received 10 March 2010 Available online 16 September 2010 This study tested the mediating role of violation in the relationship between breach and both affective and continuance commitment and the extent to which this mediating role is moderated by exchange imbalance amongst a sample of 103 sales personnel. Results suggest that violation mediated the relationship between breach...

Spirituality has been found as the key indicator in enhancing and increasing multiple levels of organizational success and accomplishment. The present study explores the relationship between the spirituality and Job satisfaction of 121 branch managers, area managers and regional managers of various private and public sector banks of Pakistan. For the purpose of study an independent spirituality...

Selective opening attacks against commitment schemes occur when the commitment scheme is repeated in parallel (or concurrently) and an adversary can choose depending on the commit-phase transcript to see the values and openings to some subset of the committed bits. Commitments are secure under such attacks if one can prove that the remaining, unopened commitments stay secret. We prove the follo...

It has been recently shown by Mayers that no bit commitment scheme is secure if the participants have unlimited computational power and technology. However it was noticed that a secure protocol could be obtained by forcing the cheater to perform a measurement. Similar situations had been encountered previously in the design of Quantum Oblivious Transfer. The question is whether a classical bit ...

ethics is an essential requirement for a sound and healthy society. it is due to its positive individual, organizational, and social consequences that ethics has always provoked scholars, instructors, and organization managers to try to maintain and improve it. the adaptation of managerial solutions will gradually result in the improvement of trust, commitment, and effort which are all necessar...

Salespersons play an important role in business transactions and serve as interfaces and bridges between firms and customers. This study attempts to explore the relationship between the two factors (salesperson demographics and leadership style) and continuance organizational commitment using salespersons in Taiwan’s retailing services industry as the population. In order to collect primary dat...