Online analytical processing (OLAP) as a modern business intelligence (BI) concept provides support for representing vast amounts of data for supporting management " s decisions. Though, there is no inherent support for the representation of causal structures which could provide a foundation for advanced analysis like what-if or scenario techniques. System Dynamics (SD) is an approach with a lo...

This work addresses both practical and theorical purposes for the encoding and the exploitation of linguistic resources for feature based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining grammars (LTAG). The main goals of these specifications are the following ones: 1. Define a recommendation by the way of an XML (Bray et al., 1998) DTD or schema (Fallside, 2000) for encoding LTAG resources in order to exchange gram...

Online analytical processing (OLAP) as a modern business intelligence (BI) concept provides support for representing vast amounts of data for supporting management’s decisions. Though, there is no inherent support for the representation of causal structures which could provide a foundation for advanced analysis like what-if or scenario techniques. System Dynamics (SD) is an approach with a long...

To make learning by reading easier, one strategy is to map language that is read onto a normalized knowledge representation. The normalization maps alternative expressions of the same content onto essentially identical representations. This brief position paper illustrates the power of this approach in PARC’s Bridge system through examples of textual inference.

A potential work item (PWI) for ISO standard (MAP) about linguistic annotation concerning syntax-semantics mapping is discussed. MAP is a framework for graphical linguistic annotation to specify a mapping (set of combinations) between possible syntactic and semantic structures of the annotated linguistic data. Just like a UML diagram, a MAP diagram is formal, in the sense that it accurately spe...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of textual enhancement types on English as Foreign Language ( EFL ) learn er s ’ grammatical awareness of simple and complex structures. A nu m- ber of 104 learners from Ayandegan Institute, in Tehran, participated in this study. To homogenize the samples, the researchers administered a placement Michigan Test of English language to the p...