corticosteroid resistant and dependent nephrotic syndrome in children is a challenge and there are some difficulties in treating such patients. we reviewed the current studies that evaluated therapeutic role of a relatively new immunosuppressive drug “rituximab” in reducing proteinuria and reduction of relapse rate in less than 16 year old patients with non-responsive or steroid dependent nephr...

objectives: the idiopathic minimal change nephritic syndrome (nephrosis) is responsible in 80% of nephritic syndromes in children. it is a clinical entity characterized by inter and outer renal parameters. main factor in glomerolar damages is proteinuria and the role of ige is possible. aim: in this research, serum ige concentrations were measured in children with nephrosis in three stages: rel...

.......................................................................................................................................8 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE................................................................................................11 1. NORMAL GLOMERULAR FILTRATION .................................................................................11 1.1 PHYSIOLOGY .........

introduction nephrotic syndrome is a common glomerular injury that appears in primary shape of children. parents' knowledge quantity is important to prevent complications from the disease, so this study aimed to determination the knowledge quantity of parents about recurrence of disease. materials and methods in this descriptive study based on a designed questionnaire that 66 parents of childre...

nephrotic syndrome is the commonest glomerular disease. typical symptoms could be proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema. the mechanism of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is a defective glomerular filtration barrier. renal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome currently which is invasive and based on histopathological features, therefore it seems to be necessary to...

Thromboembolism is a rare complication of primary nephortic syndrome. Both venous and arterial thrombosis might occur in steroid responsive and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. This is the report of an infant with nephrotic syndrome and renovascular hypertension, complicated with asymptomatic intracardiac thrombus and managed appropriately with medical treatment.

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the chloride/ bicarbonate exchange in the ileum and colon. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal distension, hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with high fecal content of chloride (>90 mmol/l). We report 3 patients with CLD associated with various renal abnormalities including ...